Term
| american culture stresses the importance of |
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| examples of conformity on the mass scale |
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Definition
heaven's gate
freedom riders
wars (americans urinating on Taliban fights in afghanistan in 2011) |
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Definition
| changing one's behavior due to the real or imagined influence of others |
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Term
| when we feel uncertain about what to think or how to act in certain situations, we turn to the most powerful and useful source of knowledge available to us -- |
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Definition
| the behavior of other people |
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Term
| informational social influence |
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Definition
| we see other people as a source of information to guide our behavior; we believe other people are more accurate than us and will help us choose an appropriate course of action |
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Term
| example of informational social influence? |
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Definition
autokinetic effect
sit in dark room and see a flash of light several times; you think that the light is moving, but in reality it isn’t; everyone thinks the light it moving but to a different degree; when you stick participant with two other people, all of which have had this initial experience with this situation and have different opinions on how far the light travelled, when paired they all reach an estimated number, showing that they conformed based on each other’s information
after being paired, went into room alone and still chose the group estimate--let others define reality |
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Term
| informational social influence can lead to |
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Definition
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Definition
| when people conform to the behavior of others because they genuinely believe that these other people are right |
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Definition
conforming publicly without necessarily believing in what the group is saying or doing
ex. think the light moves 10 inches but says aloud the group estimate of 3 inches in an effort to avoid standing out |
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Term
| you are more susceptible to informational social influence in a ______ condition |
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Definition
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| dramatic form of informational social influence occurs during _____ |
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Definition
| crises, when an individual is confronted with a frightening, potentially dangerous situation to which he or she is ill-equipped to respond |
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Term
| an example of when informational social influence occurs during a crisis? |
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Definition
war of the worlds radio play
People began to look around them and saw frightened looks on people’s faces and became convinced that they were experiencing a real-life alien invasion |
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Definition
| the rapid spread of emotions or behaviors through a crowd |
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Definition
| the occurrence in a group of people of similar physical symptoms with no known physical cause |
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Term
| example of mass psychogenic illness |
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Definition
| early 2012; more than a dozen students in an upstate New York high school developed a condition resembling Tourette’s syndrome that seemed to have no identifiable cause |
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Definition
| most crucial variable for determining how much people use each other as a source of information |
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Term
| ____ often occurs simultaneously with ambiguity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| implicit (and sometimes explicit) rules for acceptable behaviors, values and beliefs |
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Term
| besides informational social influence, we also conform because |
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Definition
| we want to be liked and accepted by other perople |
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Definition
| ridiculed, punished, or even rejected by other group members |
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Term
| severe bullying and ridicule can result in |
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Definition
| social phenomenon in which teens withdraw from all social interaction and spend all of their time alone |
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Term
| normative social influence |
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Definition
| occurs when the influence of other people leads us to conform to be liked and accepted by them |
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Term
| normative social influence results in ______ but not necessarily ______ |
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Definition
public compliance, private acceptance
people go along with the group even if they do not believe in what they're doing or think it is wrong |
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Term
| the purpose of asch's experiment was to see if |
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Definition
| people would conform even when the right answer was absolutely obvious |
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Term
| results of asch's experiment |
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Definition
| a considerable amount of conformity occured: 76% of the participants conformed and gave an obviously inccorect response on at least one trial |
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Term
| did asch set up an ambiguous or an unambiguous situation? |
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Definition
| unambiguous- did not need other people to help them decide |
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Term
| was it normative social influence or informational social influence that led the participants to conform? |
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Definition
| normative social influence |
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Term
| can normative conformity happen even from complete strangers? |
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Definition
yes, as is proven in the asch study
people do not want to risk social disapproval |
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Term
| in another version of the asch study, participants wrote their answers on a piece of paper instead of saying them out loud. did this have any change on the amount of people that conformed? |
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Definition
| yes, conformity dropped dramatically, occurring on an average of only 1.5 out of the 12 trials |
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Term
| fMRI results indicated increased activity in the |
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Definition
| posterior brain areas dedicated to vision and perception |
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Term
| fMRIs indicated activation in the _____ and _____ when participants chose to give the right answer and thus disagreed with the group's unanimous wrong answer |
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Definition
| amygdala and the right caudate nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| area of the brain devoted to negative emotions |
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Term
| normative social influence in everyday life |
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Definition
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Term
| in societies where food was frequently scarce, a _____ body type would be considered the most beautiful |
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Definition
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Term
| as the reliability of the food supply increases, the preference for heavy-to-moderate bodies _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| according to this theory, the likelihood that you willr espond to social influence depends on three variables regarding the group in question: strength, immediacy, and number |
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Term
| strength has to deal with |
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Definition
| how important to you is the group |
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Term
| immediacy has to deal with |
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Definition
| how close is the group to you in space and time during the attempt to influence you? |
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Term
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Definition
| how many people are in the group? |
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Term
| social impact theory suggests that conformity will increase as ________________ increase |
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Definition
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Term
| as the size of the group increases, each additional person has (more/less) of an influencing effect |
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Definition
less
going from 3 to 4 people makes more of a difference than going from 53 to 54 |
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Term
| how many members of a group does it take for conformity to not increase as much? |
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Definition
| once the group reaches 4 or 5 other people |
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Term
| normative pressures are strongest when they come from |
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Definition
| people whose friendship, love, and respect we sherish, because there is a large cost to losing this love and respect |
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Term
| normative pressures from family and friends can be dangerous because |
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Definition
| they care more about pleasing each other and avoiding conflict than arriving at the best, most logical decision |
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Term
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Definition
| the tolerance a person earns over time, by conforming to group norms; if enough idiosyncracy credits are earned, the person can, on occasion, behave deviantly without vengeance from the group |
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Term
| example of idiosyncrasy credits |
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Definition
you friends all want chinese food but you really want mexican
Instead of conforming, you decide to lobby for burritos
If you typically follow their friendship norms in other areas in the past, your friends will be less likely to become upset with you for your current nonconformity, for you’ve earned the right to deviate from their normative rules in this area on this occasion |
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Term
allies have been proved to help reduce conformity
true or false? |
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Definition
true
People conformed on an average of only 6% of the trials in this which they had an ally, compared to 32% when all the confederates gave the wrong answer |
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Term
| participants from collectivistic cultures (such as Japan) showed (higher/lower) rates of conformity on the line task than participants from individualistic cultures (america) |
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Definition
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Term
| in collectivistic cultures, conformity is seen as a ____ trait |
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Definition
valued
not a negative one, like the united states |
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Term
| Because the emphasis is on the group and not the individual, people in collectivistic cultures ____ normative social influence because it promotes harmony and supportive relationships in the group |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the individual, or the minority of group members, can influence the behavior or beliefs of the majority |
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Term
| what is the key to minority influence? |
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Definition
consistency
people with minority views must express the same view over time, and different members of the minority must agree with one another |
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Term
| when will minority influence not be successful? |
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Definition
if individuals within the minority express different minority views
the majority will just dismiss them in this case |
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Term
| example of minority influence |
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Definition
| a minority of feminists began to address women as Ms. Instead of Miss or Mrs. Today, Ms. is the standard form of address in the workplace and other contexts |
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Term
| minorities exert their influence on the group via (normative/influential) social influence |
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Definition
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Term
| majorities obtain (private acceptance/public compliance) because of (normative/informational) influence, whereas minorities are more likely to achieve (private acceptance/public compliance) because of (normative/informational) social influence |
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Definition
public/norm
private/informational |
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Term
| two types of social norms |
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Definition
injunctive norms
descriptive norms |
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Term
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Definition
| people's perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved of by others |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
people's perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations, regardless of whether the behavior is approved or disapproved of by others
what people actually do; times when people are likely to do it |
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Term
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Definition
leaving your trash behind at a movie theater
dropping peanut shells on the ground at a baseball game |
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Term
| which norm (injunctive or descriptive) is more powerful in producing desirable behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
can happen when the you are doing better than the descriptive norm
ex. electrical use
people who conserved more energy than the average person on their block were more likely to boomerang because now they felt that they could use more energy since the average person on their block was using more energy than they were |
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Term
| stanley milgram experiment |
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Definition
administer shocks to the learner when they got the problem wrong
every one they got wrong, the shock intensity increased by 15 volts
"authority figure" continued to encourage the teacher to continue the shocks |
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Term
| results of the stanley milgram experiment |
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Definition
most of the participants succumbed to thepressure of an authority figure
62.5% of participants went all the way to the end of the panel (450 volts)
80% of participants continued to administer the shocks even after the learner cried out in pain, even stating they had a heart condition) |
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Term
| what caused milgram's participants to succumb to this pressure? |
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Definition
normative pressures
difficult to say no to an authority figure, especially when they are so insistent that you continue administering the shocks |
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Term
| when there were three participants administering the shocks, two of which were confederates who eventually refused to continue shocking the learner, what were the results? |
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Definition
| the real participant was less likely to give the max level of shock (only 10% of participants did in this instance) |
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Term
| the power of normative social influence was not the only thing that made the participants comply in milgram's experiment. how did informational social influence contribute as well? |
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Definition
situation was ambiguous
state of conflict/crisis- they turned to the experimenter to decide what was the right thing to do
other people in the situation had some expertise (the experimenter, in this case) |
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Term
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Definition
reduced psychological distress by stopping the study after 150V, where the learner first started yelling that he wanted out and refused to go on
no significant difference in obedience rates between his participants and milgrams
70% had obeyed |
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Term
| Did the participants act so inhumanely because there is an inherently evil side to human nature, lurking just below the surface, ready to be expressed with the flimsiest excuse? |
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Definition
no
when given permission to choose any level of the shock they wished to give, from the very smallest to the highest levels, only 2.5% of participants gave the maximum shock |
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