Term
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Definition
| Study of female reproductive system |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of urinary system and male reproductive system |
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Term
| What are gonads? What are the names for the male and female gonads? |
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Definition
| Structures that produce gametes and hormones, male: testes, female: ovaries |
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Term
| What are the purpose of ducts in the gonads? What are they called in the male and female? |
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Definition
| Purpose is to transport/receive/store gametes, male: epididymus/ductus deferens, female: uterine tubes |
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Term
| What is the purpose of accessory sex glands? What are the male and female sex glands? |
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Definition
| Purpose is to support gamete survival, male: prostate/seminal vesicles/bulbourethral glands, female: paraurethral glands/greater vestibular glands |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the copulatory organs? What are the male and female ones? |
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Definition
| Purpose is to transfer gametes into female, male: penis, female: vagina |
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Term
| What are the supporting structures for the male and female? |
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Definition
| Male: scrotum, female: labia |
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Term
| What is the scrotum, its purpose, and muscles involved? |
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Definition
| Extension of abdominal cutaneous tissue, purpose is to conatin/support testes and thermoregulation, muscles are dartos which wrinkles skin/elevates testicles and cremaster which raise testes temperature |
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Term
| Where does spermatogenesis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Blood-testis barrier, prevents immune response against spermatozoa since surface antigens are "foreign", nourish spermatocytes/spermatids/sperm, inhibin is located in the testes which inhibits FSH secretion to control speed/rate of spermatogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce testosterone for male secondary sex charactersitics and spermatogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Undescended testicle, increases risk for testicular cancer by 3-14% |
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Term
| What is testicular torsion? |
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Definition
| Peaks at 13-16 years, twisting of spermatic cord with pain in scrotum, emergency surgery required within 6 hrs |
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Term
| What is testicular cancer? |
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Definition
| Most common cancer in men b/w 20-35 years |
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Term
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Definition
| Tightly coiled tubes, maturation and storage of sperm, acqure motility and ability to fertilize secondary oocyte, help propel sperm into vas deferens by peristalsis during sexual arousal |
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Term
| What is the ductus deferens? |
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Definition
| Vas deferens, extends from testes to urethra, storage and transport of sperm, sperm not ejaculated eventually reabsorbed, tubes cut/tied in vasectomy |
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Term
| What is the ejaculatory duct? |
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Definition
| Junction of seminal vesicle duct with ductus deferens, eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretions into urethra |
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Term
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Definition
Surrounded by spongy tissue, carries both urine/semen
3 parts:
1. Prostatic urethra
2. Membranous urethra
3. Spongy urethra |
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Term
| What are the seminal vesicles? |
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Definition
| Paired at posterior of urinary bladder, alkaline/viscous fluid, prostaglandins/fibrinogen/fructose present |
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Term
| What are the bulbourethral glands? |
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Definition
| Located inferior to the prostate gland, size of peas, alkaline fluid which neutralizes acid, mucus |
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Term
| What is the prostate gland? |
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Definition
| Inferior to bladder, slightly acidic fluid, enzymes here such as fibrinolysin, PSA is a test for hypertrophy of the gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume in typical ejaculation is about 2.5 - 5 mL |
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Term
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Definition
| Part or entire prepuce removed, cultural norm in some regions, has effect on sensations, lower risk of urinary tract infections |
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Term
| When do the ovaries move into the pelvis? |
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Definition
| During the 3rd month of fetal development |
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Term
| What are the names for the outer and interior of the ovaries? |
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Definition
Outer: germinal epithelium
Interior: stroma |
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Term
| What is the function of the ovaries? |
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Definition
| Produce gametes and hormones |
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Term
| What is the infundibulum? |
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Definition
| First segment of uterine tubes, open to pelvic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Fingerlike projections that collect secondary oocyte |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Place where the uterus joins |
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Term
| What is an ectopic pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Implantation outside of uterus, surgical abortion is only treatment, is life-threatening for mother |
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Term
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Definition
| Site of menstruation/fetal development, has size and shape of inverted pear |
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Term
| What are the 3 layers of the uterus? |
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Definition
1. Endometrium - vascular
2. Myometrium - muscle
3. Perimetrium - part of visceral peritoneum |
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Term
| What are the 3 regions of the uterus? |
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Definition
1. Fundus
2. Body
3. Cervix |
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Term
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Definition
| Detects abnormal precancerous cells, should be done annually |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Endometrial tissue outside of uterus, painful |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Human papilloma virus/genital warts/other STDs increase risk |
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Term
| What are the different pathways of the vagina? |
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Definition
| Menstrual flow, childbirth, receives penis during intercourse |
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Term
| What are some characterstics of the vagina? |
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Definition
| Pliable, elastic, rugae present, stratified squamous epithelium, dendritic cells transfer viruses such as HIV |
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Term
| What are the parts of the vagina? |
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Definition
Fornix: expanded region around cervix
Hymen: thin layer of tissue partially blcoking vaginal orifice
Colposcopy: use microscope to examine cervix, acetic acid and Lugol's iodine applied to stain cervix, abnormal area identified often after PAP smear |
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Term
| What does the vulva of the vagina contain? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Pubic mound, cushions pubic symphysis |
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Term
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Definition
Majora - fatty folds, sebaceous and apocrine sudoriferous glands
Minora - medial, no pubic hair, sebaceous glands |
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Term
| What are the female external structures? |
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Definition
| Clitoris, vestibule, glands, and bulb of vestibule |
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Term
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Definition
| Only function is sexual stimulation, erectile tissue, prepuce is where minora unite/covers clit |
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Term
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Definition
| Region between minora, contains hymen and vaginal orifice and external urethral orifice |
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Term
| What are the glands of the female reproductive? |
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Definition
| Paraurethral for mucus, greater vestibular for mucus, lesser vestibular for mucus |
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Term
| What is the bulb of vestibule? |
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Definition
| Two elongated masses of erectile tissue, either side of vaginal orifice, engorges, squeezes penis during intercourse |
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Term
| What is involved in a female circumcision? |
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Definition
| Removal of clitoris and parts of labia minora, purpose is to reduce risk of adultery in some countries |
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Term
| What are the mammary glands? |
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Definition
| Amount of adipose tissue determines breast size except when lactating, size not related to milk volume production, contains alveoli which are milk-producing glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Pigmented area around nipple, rich in sebaceous glands |
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Term
| What are Cooper's suspensory ligaments? |
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Definition
| Connective tissue strands that support breast, age and/strain cause ligaments to stretch |
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Term
| What is breast development controlled by? |
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Definition
| Estrogens and progesterone |
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Term
| What is milk production/ejection controlled by? |
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Definition
| Production stimulated by prolactin, ejection stimulated by oxytocin |
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Term
| What events occur in the ovary/uterus during the menstrual phase (weeks 1-5)? |
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Definition
Ovaries: follicle development, secondary oocyte to edge of follicle
Uterus: lose blood/mucus/epithelial cells |
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Term
| What events occur in the ovaries/uterus during the preovulatory phase (weeks 6-13)? |
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Definition
Ovaries: secondary follicle matures
Uterus: endometrial build up |
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Term
| What events occur in the ovaries/uterus during the ovulation phase (week 14)? |
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Definition
Ovaries: ovarian follicle ruptures secondary oocyte, captured by fimbrae
Uterus: mittleschmerz, soft cervix, temp increase, cervix mucus thins |
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Term
| What events occur in the ovaries/uterus during the postovulatory phase (weeks 15-28)? |
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Definition
Ovaries: luteal phase when corpus luteum develops
Uterus: secretory phase when endometrial is thickest for implantation |
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Term
| What are the 4 phases of sexual intercourse? |
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Definition
1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution |
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Term
| What occurs in the male/female in the excitement phase? |
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Definition
Male: vasocongestion where penis is engorged with blood, cremaster muscle contracts which elevates testes, increase in HR/BP/breathing, myotonia which is increased muscular excitability
ย
Female: vaginal lubrication, vasocongestion of clitoris/vagina/uterus/labia minora/nipples, increase in HR/BP/breathing, myotonia |
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Term
| What happens in male/female during the plateau phase? |
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Definition
Male: few drops from bulbourethral glands may contain some sperm, increase in HR/BP/breathing, myotonia
ย
Female: imminent orgasm when labia become larger, clitoris retracts, increase in HR/BP/breathing, myotonia, strong muscular contractions of distal third of vagina |
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Term
| What happens in male/female during the orgasm phase? |
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Definition
Male: strong pleasure sensations, ejaculation which involves emission(movement of sperm from epididymis to penile urethra) and expulsion(semen out of urethra)
ย
Female: status orgasmus, sustained orgasm up to 1 minute, rhythmic contractions of vagina/uterus/perineal muscles, strong sensations of pleasure |
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Term
| What occurs in male/female in the resolution phase? |
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Definition
Male: loss of tumescence(limp), unable to obtain erectin for minutes to hours, genital tissues/HR/BP/breathing/muscle tone returns to normal state
ย
Female: no refractory period, may return to plateau, or returns to normal levels |
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Term
| What is surgical sterilization? |
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Definition
| Failure rate of <0.5%, prevents fertilization by not allowing sperm/secondary oocyte to reach gamete of opposite gender, half of all vasectomies reversed produce antibodies which can prevent fertility |
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Term
| How do hormonal methods of birth control work? |
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Definition
| Prevent ovulation by inhibiting secretion of FSH/LH thus dominant follicle does not develop, make cervical mucus thicker, prevent implantation |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses estrogens and progesterone, cause menstrual flow to be between days 21 and 28, reduces menstrual cramps and flow, reduces risks for fibrocystic breast disease/ovarian and endometrial cancer, may experience 3-5 lb weight gain/breast enlargement/emotional changes, prevents ovulation and implantation |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses progesterone only, thickens cervical mucus |
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Term
| How does the subcutaneous implant work? |
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Definition
| Norplant/implanon, prevents ovulation and implantation |
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Term
| How does the injection work? |
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Definition
| Depo-Provera is what it's called, prevents ovulation and implantation |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevents implantation by irritating endometrium, dangerous side effects such as pelvic inflammatory disease |
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Term
| How does spermicide work? |
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Definition
| Kill sperm by disrupting plasma membrane which prevents fertilization |
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Term
| How do barrier methods work? |
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Definition
| Provide physical barrier so that sperm and secondary oocyte cells do not come in contact with each other, prove some protection against STDs, examples are condoms/diaphragm/cervical cap/sponge |
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Term
| How does the female condom work? |
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Definition
| Extends 1" beyond labia, protects vulva and vagina, frequent slippage |
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Term
| How do physiological/behavioral methods work? |
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Definition
| Natural family planning, avoid intercourse or use other birth control method during times of fertility, does not work well in women with irregular menstrual cycles |
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Term
| How does the rhythm method work? |
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Definition
| Estimate ovulation by using calender, abstain from intercourse during days when pregnancy most likely to occur |
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Term
| How does the sympto-thermal method work? |
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Definition
| Measure body temp when first awaken in morning, 2ยบ spike when ovulation occurs |
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Term
| How does the withdrawal method work? |
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Definition
| Also called coitus interruptus, withdrawal of penis before ejaculation |
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Term
| How do emergency contraceptives work? |
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Definition
| Morning after pills, used after fertilization within 72 hours, RU-486 uses anti-progesterone which cause endometrium to shed and may cause excessive bleeding and can be taken up to 5 weeks after conception |
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Term
| What is an induced abortion? |
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Definition
| Drug induced using saline/prostaglandins, vacuum aspiration(suction) |
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Term
| When does gender differentiation occur? |
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Definition
| 6-8 weeks of embryonic development, +SRY gene means testosterone and testoerone receptors are produced, -SRY gene means no testerone or receptors are produced |
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Term
| What are the equivalent male/female structures? |
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Definition
Testes = ovaries
Sperm = ovum (2nd oocyte)
Scrotum = labia majora
Spongy urethra/penile skin = labia minora
Glans penis = clitoris
Prostate gland = paraurethral glands
Bublourethral glands = vestibular glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Adrenal activity, causes growth spurt |
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Term
| What is puberty in males? |
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Definition
| Between ages 10-17, LH and FSH surge, testosterone levels elevate, testicles enlarge and begin producing sperm, penis enlarges, development of secondary sex characteristtics |
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Term
| How does fertility in males change with aging? |
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Definition
| Fertile into their 90+ years, slow decline in testosterone starting in 40s |
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Term
| What is adrenarche in females? |
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Definition
| Adrenal activity that leads to growth spurts |
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Term
| What is menarche in females? |
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Definition
| Happens at 13 years, LH and FSH surge and estrogen levels rise, secondary sex characteristics form and sexual organs mature |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradual decline in fertility |
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Term
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Definition
| Ovaries less responsive to FSH and LH, hot flashes, perspiration, headaches, vaginal dryness, insomnia, depression, osteoporosis |
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Term
| What is testicular cancer? |
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Definition
| Adolescents to middle age is generally the age window, associated with cryptorchidism, signs/symptoms are palpated mass/pain, remove testis to treat |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with urethritis |
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Term
| What is benign hypertrophy? |
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Definition
| Common in males older than 60, blocks urine flow, surgery to treat |
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Term
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Definition
| Digital rectal exam/needle biopsy/ultrasound/PSA test to discover, treated by TURP/chemotherapy/radiation/hormone therapy, prevented by regular exam yearly for men less than 40 and annual PSA test for men greater than 50 |
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Term
| What is erectile dysfunction? |
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Definition
| Erection not attained or sustained, caused by insufficient NO/chronic illness/vascular abnormality/medications/psychological factors/spinal cord injury, treated by viagra/counseling/penile pumps and implants |
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Term
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Definition
| Low sperm count, obstructed sperm path, caused by x-rays/infections/high temperature/malnutrition/endocrine disorders, treated by artificial insemination/in-vitro fertilization/intrauterine insemination/gamete intrafallopian transfer |
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Term
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Definition
| Not having normal menstrual cycles, absence of menses, endocrine problem, congenital deformity, low body fat, stress |
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Term
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Definition
| Cramps, painful menses, prostaglandin-induced uterine contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive flow, endocrine problems, stress, fibroid uterine tumors, systemic illness |
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Term
| What is premenstrual syndrome? |
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Definition
| Postovulatory mental and/or physical distress, signs/symptoms include: weight gain, breast tenderness, pain, fatigue, fragile emotions, food cravings, irritability, mood swings |
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Term
| What is toxic-shock syndrome? |
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Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus, young females who use tampons or contraceptive sponge, symptoms include high fever/sore throat/memory loss/rash/flu-like symptoms, treatment by antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
| Endometrial growth outside of uterus, could be in ovaries/lymph nodes/outer uterine surface/abdominal organ surface, caused by menstrual backflow/developmental error, signs/symptoms include premenstrual or severe menstrual pain, diagnosis based on presence of pelvic pain/physical exam/laparoscopy, treated by hormone therapy/surgery/oophorectomy |
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Term
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Definition
| Signs are lumps/orange peel texture/inverted nipple/discharge, risks include genetics/late or no pregnancy/previous breast cancer/radiation exposure/high fat diet/alcohol/smoking |
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Term
| How is breast cancer diagnosed and treated? |
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Definition
Diagnosed by: self-exam each month, physical exam every 3 years, mammography every year if 40+ years, ultrasound, biopsy, thermography
Treated by: lumpectomy, mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Beningn breast tumor, found in young women, surgical removal |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid-containing sac in ovary, most common form of ovarian tumor, menstruating and post-menopausal women, surgery to treat |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to conceive, caused by ovarian disease/tubal obstruction/uterine abnormalities/hormone imbalance/autoimmune diseases, treatment depends on cause |
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Term
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Definition
| PAP smear/pelvic exam to detect, initial cervical dysplasia, progressive, linked to HPV/HSV-2, prevented by Gardasil, treated by excision/cauterizing/cryotherapy/radiation/chemotherapy |
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Term
| What is pelvic inflammatory disease? |
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Definition
Bacterial infection of pelvic organs may lead to peritonitis, caused by STDs, symptoms/signs include: tenderness, fever, leukocytosis, cervical discharge, bacterial cultures
Responds to antibiotics, effects include infertility/ectopic pregnancy/pelvic pain |
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Term
| What is vulvovaginal candidiasis? |
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Definition
| Candida albicans, yeast infection, attacks GI and urogenital mucous membranes, opportunistic infection, signs/symptoms include vaginal itching/thick yellow yeasty discharge/pain, treated by oral/topical anti-fungal agents |
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Term
| What are the 3 categories of STDs? |
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Definition
1. Parasites
2. Bacteria
3. Viruses |
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Term
| Are STDs usually symptomatic? What does this mean? |
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Definition
| No they are usually asymptomatic, this means they often go untreated |
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Term
| What are characteristics of parasites and bacterial STDs? |
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Definition
| Can be cured with use of topical treatments or antibiotics, damage to body cannot be reversed, if treated early some STDs will leave no lasting physical effects |
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Term
| What are characteristics of viral STDs? |
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Definition
| Affect body for life, some can be treated, some can resolve with time, no medical cures available to kill virus |
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Term
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Definition
| 25% of Americans are infected with one or more STDs, not participating in activities that can result in exposure, condoms can reduce risk, minimize risk factors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How is genital warts caused? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How is genital herpes caused? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is hepatitis B caused? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is trichomoniasis caused? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Testicle removal/orchectomy |
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Term
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Definition
| Examination of internal female pelvic organs through incision in vagina |
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Term
| What is a endocervical curettage? |
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Definition
| Cervix dilated and cells scraped from endometrium of uterus, commonly called D & C |
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Term
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Definition
| One individual possessing tissue of ovaries and testes |
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Term
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Definition
| Displaced urethral opening |
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Term
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Definition
| Whitish/viscous discharge from vagina and uterine cavity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of fallopian tube |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of vaginal mucosa |
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