Term
| What are the functions of the kidney? |
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Definition
| Removes waste, regulates blood volume/composition/pH/pressure, produces hormones, gluconeogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Capillary mass from which filtrate is formed |
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Term
| What does the glomerular capsule do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do? |
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Definition
| Regulates BP and filtration rate |
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Term
| What is the path of the renal tubule in the nephron? |
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Definition
| Proximal convoluted tubule to the loop of henle to the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting ducts to the papillary ducts |
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Term
| What are the two nephron types? Describe. |
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Definition
Cortical - 80-85% of all nephrons and has short loop of Henle
Juxtamedullary - 15-20% of all nephrons and has long loop of Henle |
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Term
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Definition
| Allow kidneys to excrete very dilute or very concentrated urine |
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Term
| What is glomerular filtration, where does it occur? |
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Definition
| Movement of substances from blood into flitrate, located in glomeruli inside Bowman's capsule |
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Term
| What is the filtration fraction? |
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Definition
| Fraction of blood plasma that becomes filtrate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the homeostatic controls of glomerular filtration rate? |
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Definition
Renal autoregulation - stretching of afferent capillaries causes vasoconstriction
Neural regulation - sympathetic NS vasoconstriction of afferent capillaries
Hormonal regulation - renin stimulates angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction which releases aldosterone which causes thirst which releases ADH |
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Term
| What is the function of tubular reabsorption? |
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Definition
| Returns most of the filtrate back to blood |
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Term
| What is the path of tubular reabsorption and what happens in each? |
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Definition
Proximal convoluted tubule - active transport of Na/Cl/K/HCO3/nutrients, passive transport of urea/lipid soluble solutes, reabsorbs 100% of glucose and amino acids
Descending loop of Henle - water absorption, active transport of Na
Ascending loop of Henle - active transport of Cl, passive transport of Na/K/urea
Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct - water absorption, active transport of Na, passive transport of anions and urea |
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Term
| What is the function of tubular secretion? |
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Definition
| Regulate pH, elimination of wastes, primarily affects urine dilution |
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Term
| What are the circumstances of the production of dilute urine? |
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Definition
| Absence of ADH, when ADH low tubules reabsorb more ions than water making dilute urine |
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Term
| What is dialysis and what are the circumstances? |
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Definition
| Separation of particles in blood across a membrane by size, when the kidney function cannot maintain levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis - aleternative to hemodialysis, works if >30% kidney function left, peritoneum used as dialysis membrane, not tied to machine/schedule |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires atrial-venous shunt for access to blood, takes 4-6 hours with dialysis machine, blood returned to body, 3x per week |
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Term
| Where are the ureters and how do they work? |
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Definition
| Extend from renal pelvis to bladder, use perstalsis/gravity/hydrostatic pressure, full bladder pressure closes urethral openings |
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Term
| How does the urethra work? |
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Definition
| Extends from bladder floor to exterior of body, carries urine only in females, carries urine and semen in males |
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Term
| How does aging affect the urinary system? |
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Definition
| Renal efficiency loses function, urinary incontinence, urinary disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| Kidney stones, caused by excessive calcium intake |
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