Term
| What is the role of ATP in metabolic reactions? |
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Definition
| Transfer energy released from catabolic reaction to anabolic reaction that requires energy |
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Term
| How efficient are metabolic reactions? |
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Definition
| ATP traps only about 40% of energy, 60% is lost as heat |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals that cells need for growth |
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Term
| What are the different classes of nutrients? |
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Definition
Carbohydrates: absorbed as monosaccharides, energy production
Lipids: absorbed as fatty acids/glycerol/monoglycerides, energy storage, hormones
Proteins: absorbed as amino acids, structural, hormones, enzymes
Minerals: inorganic coenzymes
Vitamins: organic coenzymes
Water: solvent, hydrolysis reactions, lubricant |
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Term
| What are the digestion products of carbs? |
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Definition
| Monosaccharides, goes through different processes such as ATP production/amino acid synthesis/glycogenesis/lipogenesis/excretion in urine |
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Term
| How do carbs enter/exit the cell? |
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Definition
| Active transport to get in and facilitated diffusion to get out |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 steps of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate forms acetyl CoA
3. Krebs cycle
4. Electron transport chain |
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Term
| How does cellular respiration store potential energy? |
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Definition
| Pumps H+ ions into inner mitochondrial space creating concentration and electrical gradients |
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Term
| What are the channels attached to that H+ flows through? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 major outcomes of the 4 major steps of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
1. 2-4 ATP generated through glycolysis
2. Acetyl CoA is formed
3. 2 ATP generated through Krebs cycle
4. Cytochrome proteins embed into inner mitochondrial membrane generating 32 ATP through electron transport chain |
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Term
| What is the process of glucose storage and how does it work? |
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Definition
| Glycogenesis, whenever glucose is not need for ATP production it is stored as glycogen, this is stimulated by insulin |
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Term
| What is the process of glucose release called and how does it work? |
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Definition
| Glycogenolysis, stimulated by epinephrine and glucagon, stored glycogen is converted to glucose and released |
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Term
| What is the process of forming glucose from fats/proteins and how does it work? |
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Definition
| Gluconeogenesis, new glucose is formed from lactic acid/amino acids/fats, occurs on large scale when starving/fasting/eating low carb diet |
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Term
| What do lipids combine with in order to be transported? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the digestion products of lipid metabolism? |
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Definition
| Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides, used for energy storage/energy reserves/steroid hormones/eicosanoids/cell membranes/modify proteins |
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Term
| How do lipids enter the cell? |
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Definition
| Small fatty acids by diffusion, larger ones and monoglycerides as micelles/chylomicrons |
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Term
| What is lipid metabolism called and how does it work? |
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Definition
| Lipolysis, catabolic oxidation of lipids to yield glucose, stimulated by epinephrine/norepinephrine/cortisol, beta oxidation involved |
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Term
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Definition
| Convert excess dietary intake of carbs/proteins/fats into triglycerides |
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Term
| What are the digestion products of protein metabolism? |
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Definition
| Amino acids, used as enzymes/transport molecules/antibodies/contractile elements/structure/hormones |
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Term
| How do proteins enter the cell? |
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Definition
| Active transport, stimulated by insulin/HGH |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of amino group from amino acid to pyruvic acid to form nonessential amino acid |
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Term
| What the 3 key molecules in metabolism of nutrients? |
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Definition
| Acetyl-CoA, glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Inborn metabolic error, missin phenylalanine hydroxylase, cannot convert phenylalanine to tyrosine, phenylalanine accumulates in blood, mental retardation, diagnosed at birth |
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Term
| What is the absorptive state of metabolism? |
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Definition
| Ingested nutrients enter bloodstream and glucose readily available, right after meal, regulated by insuling/HGH/TH, ATP manufactured from glucose |
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Term
| What is the postabsorptive state of nutrient metabolism? |
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Definition
| During fasting, after ingested meal has been absorbed, regulated by glucagon/epinephrine/norepinephrine/cortisol/TH, maintain normal blood glucose levels, gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| What is basal metabolic rate? |
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Definition
| Energy needs of body at rest, measured after 12 hour fast, measured by O2 consumption and heat generation |
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Term
| What are the mechanisms of body temperature homeostasis? |
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Definition
| Hypothalamic thermostat located in the preoptic area, heat is produced when sympathetic NS increases cellular metabolic rates, exercise, shivering, heat is converted through peripheral vasoconstriction, heat is lost through radiation/conduction/convection/evaporation |
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Term
| How is a fever caused and what are the responses? |
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Definition
| Caused by infection/tumor/MI/surgery, responses are chills/crisis |
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Term
| How is hypothermia caused and what are the responses? |
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Definition
| Caused by exposure/injuries/illnesses, responses are temperature drop/cardiac arrest |
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Term
| How does the hypothalamic feeding center regulate food intake? |
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Definition
| Always on, stimulated by cold temperatures, stimulated by HGH/androgens/progesterone, inhibited by gastric distension and CCK |
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Term
| What is the hypothalamic satiety center? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is considered brain food? |
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Definition
| Multivitamins, antioxidant supplements, foods rich in antioxidants, fish oil daily is best |
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Term
| How are minerals important to the body/how are they ingested? |
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Definition
| Ingested as food/pills, make up 4% of body's mass, required as catalysts/coenzymes |
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Term
| What are common minerals? |
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Definition
Calcium: bone/teeth/coenzyme/endocrine/NS
Phosphorous: bone/teeth/buffer systems/endocrine/DNA and RNA
Iron: coenzyme/transport
Iodine: endocrine
Sodium: buffer systems/fluid balance/NS
Potassium: NS |
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Term
| What are the fat-soluble vitamins? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Body weight is 20% above desired standard, excessive adipose tissue, increased risk of disease, affects 1/3 of US adults |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of obesity? |
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Definition
Hypertrophic: adult onset, number of fat cells constant but content of cells increases
Hyperplastic: child onset, number of fat cells increases and content of cells increases
Morbid: weight is 2X the ideal weight, life threatening |
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Term
| What are causes and treatments of obesity? |
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Definition
Caused by hypothalamic/thyroid disorders, early eating habits, cultural values, emotional disorders
Treated by reduced caloric intake, exercise, medically supervised fast |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of water and NaCl in sweat, muscle cramps after activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive fluid loss, increasing fatigue, weakness, anxiety, drenching sweats, circulatory collapse |
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Term
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Definition
| The body cannot eliminate excess heat when high humidity, brain damage, cardiac arrest, decreased sweating, sking is hot/flushed/dry, rapid pulse |
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Term
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Definition
| State of poor nutrition, caused by inadequate food intake/nutrient imbalance/malabsorption |
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Term
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Definition
| Low calories, low protein, retarded growth, emaciation |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal calorie intake, incomplete proteins, abdominal edema, enlarged liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of energy stores, 1st stage carbs/lipids/nonessential fats are used, 2nd stage uses all stored fat, 3rd stage uses essential proteins causing death |
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