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| functional unit responsible for creating urine in the kidneys |
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| tube that transports urine through the kidney |
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| cup-shaped end of the renal tubule that covers the glomerulus |
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| name of the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule |
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| name of the fluid derived from plasma that is filtered out of the blood |
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| cells that hold fenestrated capillaries in the renal corpuscle |
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| termination of the podocytes that cling to the capillary |
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| holes or slits between foot processes that filtrate flows through |
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| area that filtrate enters after passing through the filtration slits |
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| proximal convoluted tubule |
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| winding tube close to the renal corpuscle |
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| winding tube far away from the renal corpuscle and after loop of Henle |
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| hairpin loop responsible for concentrating the filtrate |
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| collect filtrate from many nephrons and give medullary pyramids striated appearance. Empty into renal pelvis |
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| descending limb also known as |
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| ascending limb also known as (not always the whol ascending limb) |
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| type of nephron where loop of henry barely enters medullary region |
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| nephrons responsible for concentrating urine. loop of henle dips deep into the medullary region |
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| afferent and efferent arterioles |
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| names of arterioles entering adn exiting the glomerulus |
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| capillaries that wrap around the tubules and renal corpuscle, collecting excess fluid and draining it to venules |
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| capillaries surrounding loop of henle of the jextamedullary nephrons that are responsible for concentrating the urine |
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| juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) |
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| where distal end of ascending loop of henle comes into contact with afferent capillaries of glomerulus |
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| cells in arteriole walls at juxtaglomerular region that secrete renin. sense blood pressure |
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| tall, closely compacted cells in ascending loop that contact granular cells at the juxtaglomerular apparatus. chemoreceptors for changes in NaCl concentration. |
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| consists of capillaries, basement membrane, and podocytes |
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| first step of urine formation. passive process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through a membrane. high glomerular blood pressure and highly permeable high surface area of the filtration membrane make this work very well. |
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| glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
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| volume of filtrate formed per minute by the activity of ALL glomeruli in kidneys |
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| kidneys ability to maintain constant GFR by adjusting resistance to blood flow |
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| tendency of smooth muscle to constrict when stretched (by higher blood pressure) |
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| tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism |
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| if GFR is too high, NaCl passing macula densa is too high. this causes constriction of afferent arteriole. |
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| control of the GFR stems from this category of regulation |
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| regulation of systemic blood pressure results from these, often at the expense of the kidneys |
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| converts angiotensionogen to angiotensin I. signal for renin release comes from either low arterial pressure or activated macula densa by low NaCl concentration |
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| converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
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| this hormone causes vasoconstriction, causes release of antidiuretic hormone, and promotes reabsorption of Na |
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| second step of urine formation. substances filtered into filtrate from capillary taken back up. |
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| this ion is actively reabsorbed |
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| passive tubular reabsorption |
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| things that diffuse into blood following a concentration gradient |
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| secondary active transport |
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| glucose, amino acids, lactate, vitamins, and other ions are taken up via this method. |
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| maximum amount of a specific type of substance that the tubules are able to reabsorb |
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| step three of urine creation. |
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| number of solute particles dissolved in 1 kg of water and reflects the solutions ability to cause osmosis |
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| mechanism by which current flowing in two different directions controls osmolality in the kidneys and urine excretion |
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| 2 other more medical terms for the release of urine, or urination, or peeing |
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| peeing when you didnt mean to is called |
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| bladder unable to release its contents |
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| small tube used in men to aid in urination when urinary retention is a problem |
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