Term
| B/c Blood plasma cannot transport enough O2 or CO2 to meet physiological needs, who helps them? give its 2 fcns |
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Definition
RBC's 1.Transport O2 to tissues CO2 from tissues
2. Remove O2 and CO2 from plasma:allowing gases to diffuse into blood |
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Term
| Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is bound to ______________________(1) |
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Definition
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Term
| O2 binds to iron ions in hemoglobin (Hb) molecules in a _______rxn |
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Definition
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Term
| when O2 binds to iron ions in hemoglobin (Hb) molecules this new molecule is called (1) |
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Definition
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Term
| oxyhemoglobin forms during (1) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Each ______ mL of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries about _________ mL of oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemoglobin Saturation def |
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Definition
| is the % of heme units in a hemoglobin molecule that are bound to oxygen |
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Term
| Environmental Factors Affecting the ability of O2 to bind to Hemoglobin (4) |
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Definition
1.PO2 of blood
2•Blood pH
3•Temperature
4•Metabolic activity within RBCs(are they converting carbonic acid to H+ &bicarbonate : H+ into blood =lowers blood pH) |
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Term
| Oxygen–Hemoglobin Saturation Curve def |
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Definition
A graph relating the :
saturation of hemoglobin
& partial pressure of oxygen |
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Term
| Higher PO2 results in (1) |
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Definition
greater Hb saturation
(more oxygen bound to hemoglobin) |
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Term
| why is the Oxygen–Hemoglobin Saturation Curve a curve and not a straight line? (1) |
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Definition
because Hb changes shape each time a molecule of O2 is bound
(allostery) |
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Term
| because Hb changes shape each time a molecule of O2 is bound this allows (2) |
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Definition
1.Each O2 bound makes next O2 binding easier
(fist one binds, Hb affinity for 2nd one and it binds easier)
2.Allows Hb to bind O2 when O2 levels are low |
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Term
| O2 diffuses from ______ into________ |
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Definition
| From peripheral capillaries (high PO2) •Into interstitial fluid (low PO2) HIGH (100) to low (40) |
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Term
| Amount of O2 released into interstial fluids depends on(1), where is the rest of it?(1) |
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Definition
interstitial PO2
Up to 3/4 may be reserved by RBCs |
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Term
| carbon monoxide poisoning occurs |
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Definition
| CO binds 200 times greater to hemoglobin than oxygen so you die of suffocation |
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Term
The Oxygen–Hemoglobin Saturation Curve
•Is standardized for (2) |
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Definition
| normal blood at a pH 7.4 and temp 37C |
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Term
The Oxygen–Hemoglobin Saturation Curve:
Curve shifts to right when? (2) |
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Definition
When pH DROPs or temperature rises:
MORE oxygen is released to tissues
recall hb chnages shape as oxygen binds=
needs energy=
heat (temp rises!) |
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Term
The Oxygen–Hemoglobin Saturation Curve:
Curve shifts to left when? (2) |
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Definition
When pH RISES or temperature DROPs:
LESS oxygen is released to tissues |
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Term
| when the partial pressure of oxygen is 70 mmHg , what % is hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| The effect of pH on hemoglobin-saturation curve is called the (1) |
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Definition
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Term
| the primary compound responsible for the Bohr effect is |
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Definition
| carbon dioxide (which diffuses into RBCs) |
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Term
| An enzyme in RBCs, called ____________________, catalyzes the rxn btwn carbon dioxide & H2O |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the rxn btwn carbon dioxide & H2O lower the blood pH: Begin stating the products of the rxn & where they go in body (3) |
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Definition
product is:carbonic acid (H2CO3) 1•Dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the BLOOD plasma
•Hydrogen ions diffuse out of RBC, lowering pH |
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Term
| For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the P CO2 should be ______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The % of O2 saturation of Hb when the pH is 7.6 is ____________ than the % of O2 SATURATION of Hb when the pH is 7.2 |
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Definition
GREATER!
why: recall at a low pH hemogloblin releases O2 =
less is bound (less saturated)
so at HIGH pH there is more O2 bound and NOT being released. |
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Term
| if Temperature increase then % of oxygen RELEASED by Hb is |
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Definition
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Term
| if Temperature decrease then % of oxygen RELEASED by Hb is |
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Definition
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Term
| Temperature effects are significant only in area of the body? (1) |
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Definition
active tissues that are generating large amounts of heat
•For example, active skeletal muscles |
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Term
| The % of O2 saturation of Hb when the temp is 38C is ________ than the % of O2 saturation of Hb when the temp is 43C. |
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Definition
greater
(b/c at low temp Hb is holding on to the oxygen and not releasing it) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
recall RBCs generate ATP by glycolysis
• one of the steps forms:
lactic acid and BPG |
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Term
| if BPG is increased, then the release of oxygen from Hb will be |
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Definition
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Term
| what can elevate BPG levels (2) |
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Definition
| Increases in pH & certain hormones |
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Term
| If BPG levels are too low, |
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Definition
| less oxygen released by hemoglobin |
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Term
At the same PO2:
•Fetal Hb binds _____ O2 than adult Hb |
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Definition
more
(allows fetus to take O2 from maternal blood) |
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Term
| CO2 in the bloodstream can be carried by what 3 ways |
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Definition
1.Converted to carbonic acid (carbon dioxide and water)
2.Bound to hemoglobin within red blood cells
3.Dissolved in plasma |
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Term
| •Carbon dioxide and water combine to form _________ acid |
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Definition
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Term
| •% of CO2 is transported as carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
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Definition
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Term
| how Bicarbonate Ions Move into plasma |
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Definition
| exchange mechanism called a chloride shift |
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Term
describe how the chloride shift works (2)
it driven by(1) |
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Definition
takes Cl- ions IN
bicarbinate OUT
of RBCs via a countertransporter without using ATP
driven by:Driven by a rise in PCO2 |
|
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Term
| where does CO2 Bind to Hemoglobin? it forms?(1) |
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Definition
| amino groups of globular proteins in Hb forms:carbaminohemoglobin |
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Term
| what % CO2 is Bound to Hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the PCO2 should be __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| what % of CO2 is transported dissolved in plasma |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral and Alveolar Capillaries •Maintain balance during gas diffusion by: |
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Definition
1. Changes in blood flow& oxygen delivery
2. Changes in depth and rate of respiration |
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Term
Rising PCO2 levels :
cause(1)
which causes (2)
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Definition
relax bronchiolar smooth muscle
in:arterioles and capillaries
which in turn causes: Increase blood flow •Increases the rate of breathing (10% increase in CO2) |
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Term
| Coordination of lung perfusion and alveolar ventilation shifts (1) |
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Definition
blood flow
(recall alvelar ventilation aids with return of venous blood to heart) |
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Term
| what is the MOST important chemical regulator of respiration (1)? & why (2) |
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Definition
| the partial pressure levels of CO2 Control bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation |
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Term
The Respiratory Centers of the Brain respond to (1)
how do they fix it? (2) |
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Definition
respond to low levels of O2
byincreasing :
cardiac output & respiratory rates |
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Term
| region of the brain that affects respiratory system (1) |
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Definition
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Term
| Voluntary centers in cerebral cortex affect (2) |
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Definition
1.Respiratory centers of pons and medulla oblongata
2.Motor neurons that control respiratory muscles |
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Term
| Respiratory centers of pons and medulla oblongata respond to (1) |
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Definition
| to sensory information via respiratory reflexes |
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Term
| Respiratory Centers of the Medulla Oblongata fcn |
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Definition
| Set the pace of respiration |
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Term
| Respiratory Centers of the Medulla Oblongata: Can be divided into what 2 groups |
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Definition
1. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
2. Ventral respiratory group (VRG) |
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Term
| Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) aka (1) |
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Definition
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Term
| Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)overall fcn |
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Definition
Establishes the normal rate & depth of breathing
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Term
| Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) is used in what type/s of breathing? (2) |
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Definition
| quiet and forced breathing |
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Term
| Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG )aka (2) |
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Definition
Inspiratory and expiratory center
ventral means front =
front can do both
while back can only do inhale |
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Term
| Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)is used in what type/s of breathing?(1) |
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Definition
only in forced breathing
that's why its in charge of both centers |
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Term
| Duing quiet breathing: inspiration is _____ exspiration is_______ |
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Definition
1.active(muscle contractions)
2.passive |
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Term
1.the DRG center is stimulated during
2. then neurons become inactive during |
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Definition
1.inhalation in quiet breathing (DRG stimulates muscles)
2. passive exhalation |
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Term
| Under ________ conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ______% of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| Forced Breathing involves what centers of brain (4) |
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Definition
Apneustic Centers of the Pons
pneumotaxic
DRG (note also quiet)
VRG |
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Term
| Apneustic breathing Increases activity in ____ center and stimulates the ______ |
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Definition
1.DRG
2.VRG= activates accessory inspiratory muscles for forced breathing |
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Term
| After forced inhalation what centers are stimulated? (2) |
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Definition
| Expiratory (vrg) center & Pneumotaxic neurons stimulate active exhalation |
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Term
| During FORCED inhalation what centers are active (3) what centers are inhibited(2)? |
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Definition
Active :DRG
inspiratory center of VRG
Apneustic center of pons
Inhibited: Expiratory center of VRG
& dont forget about Pneumotaxic center in pons |
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Term
| During FORCED exhalation what centers are active (2) what centers are inhibited (3)? |
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Definition
Active: Expiratory center of VRG is active.
Pneumotaxic center of Pons
Inhibited: DRG
inspiratory center of VRG
apneustic center
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Term
| Pneumotaxic Centers of the Pons promote |
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Definition
| Promote passive OR active exhalation |
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Term
| stimulating the apneusitic center promote |
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Definition
| Prolonged/more intense INSPIRATIONS |
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Term
| Pneumotaxic Centers inhibit (1) |
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Definition
the apneustic centers
(they modify the rate/pace and depth of breathing |
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Term
| Apneustic and Pneumotaxic Centers of the Pons Receive input from (2) |
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Definition
| hypothalamus and cerebrum |
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Term
HIGHER CENTERS Cerebral cortex ,Limbic system ,Hypothalamus stimulate or inh the Apneustic and Pneumotaxic Centers of the Pons
inh?
stim:? |
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Definition
stimulate the Pneumotaxic Centers
inh the Apneustic (want to reduce your breathing that may result from emotions, visual, and memories) |
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Term
| the nerve of the diaphragm is the (1) |
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Definition
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Term
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
(2) |
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Definition
Disrupts normal respiratory reflex pattern •
May result from connection problems between:
pacemaker complex & respiratory centers (aka respiratory centers do not respond with a change in heart rate) |
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Term
| the chemoreceptors of the Respiratory Reflexes detect changes in (4) |
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Definition
PCO2, PO2, or pH of blood or cerebrospinal fluid
aka what all the nerves detect |
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Term
| changes in blood pressure are mointored by |
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Definition
| Baroreceptors in aortic or carotid sinuses |
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Term
| who responds to changes in lung volume |
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Definition
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Term
| Respiratory centers are strongly influenced by chemoreceptor input from:(3) |
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Definition
| Glossopharyngeal nerve (N IX) •Vagus nerve (N X) •Central chemoreceptors that monitor cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
| The glossopharyngeal nerve recieve info from (1) |
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Definition
carotid bodies
(think pharynx is neck where carotid artery is) |
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Term
| The vagus nerve recieve info from (1) |
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Definition
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Term
| The glossopharyngeal & vagus nerve are stimulated by (2) |
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Definition
| changes in blood pH or PO2 |
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Term
| if the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies were blocked what would happen? |
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Definition
| brain’s couldnt change breathing in response to changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH |
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Term
| who monitors cerebrospinal fluid(1) |
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Definition
| central medullary chemoreceptors |
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Term
| Central medullary chemoreceptors respond to (2) |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in arterial PCO2 refers to a condition called? what is stimulate & outcome |
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Definition
| hypercapnia (stimualtes Central medullary chemoreceptors to INCREASE breathing rate) |
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Term
| a common cause of hypercapnia |
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Definition
| Hypoventilation (CO2 build up in blood) |
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Term
| Excessive ventilation, hyperventilation, results in abnormally low PCO2 results in |
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Definition
(hypocapnia)
(stimualtes Central medullary chemoreceptors to DECREASE breathing rate) |
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Term
When blood pressure falls:
•Respiration |
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Definition
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Term
When blood pressure increases:
•Respiration |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Protects the lungs from damage from overinflation |
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Term
| Two baroreceptor reflexes involved in forced breathing are |
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Definition
| Inflation & Deflation reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevents overexpansion of lungs |
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Term
Deflation reflex stimulates
inhibits |
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Definition
Stimulates inspiratory centers during lung deflation
Inhibits expiratory centers |
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Term
Protective Reflexes
•Triggered by receptors in epithelium of respiratory tract when lungs are exposed to: |
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Definition
•Toxic vapors
•Chemical irritants
•Mechanical stimulation
•Cause sneezing, coughing, and laryngeal spasm |
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Term
Apnea def
is followed by (3) |
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Definition
A period of suspended respiration
•Normally followed by explosive exhalation to clear airways
•Sneezing and coughing |
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Term
|
Definition
| Temporarily closes airway To prevent foreign substances from entering |
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Term
Emotional stress can activate sympathetic or parasympathetic division of ANS
•Causing (2) |
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Definition
| bronchodilation or bronchoconstriction |
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Term
| Respiratory System BEFORE Birth (4) |
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Definition
1.Pulmonary vessels are collapsed/resistance is high
2.Rib cage is compressed
3•Lungs contain no air (only a small amount of fluid)
4•Alveoli are collapsed/compressed |
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Term
Respiratory System During delivery:
the blood has a PO2 _____
PCO2 _________
(rises/falls) |
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Definition
•Blood flow to the lungs increases •Placental connection is lost •
Blood PO2 falls; PCO2 rises |
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Term
| Respiratory System at 35 weeks produces (1) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Newborn overcomes force of surface tension (by surfactant)in order to |
|
Definition
inflate bronchial tree and alveoli =
take first breath |
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Term
|
Definition
Large drop in pressure:
Pulls blood into pulmonary circulation
•Closing foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
•Redirecting fetal blood circulation patterns
•Subsequent breaths fully inflate alveoli |
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Term
| Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System |
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Definition
1. Elastic tissues deteriorate
2.Respiratory muscles weaken
3.Arthritic (joint) changes |
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Term
| Elastic tissues deteriorate cause (3) |
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Definition
1.lung compliance changes
2.lowering vital capacity (lowers amount of inhale,exhale,tidal vol)
3.Costal cartilages become more flexible |
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Term
| Arthritic changes cause (2) |
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Definition
Restrict chest movements
•Limit respiratory minute volume |
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Term
Emphysema affects what age?
is caused by? |
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Definition
affects people over age 50
Depending on exposure to respiratory irritants (e.g., cigarette smoke) |
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Term
|
Definition
Alveoli collapse,
compliance increases,
PCO2 elevates,
PO2 decreases |
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Term
| Coordination of Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems in order to (3) |
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Definition
Improves efficiency of gas exchange by controlling lung perfusion
•Increases respiratory drive through chemoreceptor stimulation
•Raises cardiac output and blood flow through baroreceptor stimulation |
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