Term
| electron transport chain aka respiratory chain |
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Definition
| 4 large protein complexes that are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| where the electron transport chain is located |
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Definition
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| generation of high-transfer-potential electrons by the citric acid cycle, the respiratory chain, and the accompanying synthesis of ATP |
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Term
| depiction of a simple overview of oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
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Term
| where the flow of electrons thru the electron transport chain takes place |
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Definition
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| folds in the mitochondrion's inner membrane |
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Term
| the 2 compartments of the mitochondrion |
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Definition
1: intermembrane space
2: matrix |
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Term
| permeability of the mitochondrion's outer membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| why the mitochondrion's outer membrane is very permeable |
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Definition
| because it contains many mitochondrial porins, which create pores |
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Term
| function of mitochondrial porin |
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Definition
| regulates flux of molecules crucial to the function of cellular respiration |
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Term
| permeability of mitochondrion's inner membrane |
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Definition
| intrinsically permeable to nearly all ions and polar molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| inside mitochondrion's inner membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| intermembrane space in mitochondrion; called this because it is freely accessible to most small molecules in the cytoplasm cytoplasm |
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Term
| simple depiction of the anatomy of a mitochondrion |
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Definition
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Term
| what oxidative phosphorylation does to O2 |
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Definition
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Term
| how oxidative phosphorylation reduces O2 to water |
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Definition
| using electrons from NADH and FADH2 |
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Term
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Definition
| set of membrane proteins in which the transfer of electrons to reduce O2 to water takes place |
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Term
| a conversion of potential that occurs in oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| the electron-transfer potential of NADH or FADH2 being converted into the phosphoryl-transfer potential of ATP |
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Term
| how phosphoryl-transfer potential is expressed |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| expression for electron transfer potential |
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Term
| how reduction potential is expressed |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substance that exists as oxidized and reduced forms |
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Term
| how the reduction potential of a redox couple is determined |
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Definition
| by measuring the electromotive force generated by a sample half cell connected to a standard reference half cell |
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Term
| depiction of how redox potential is measured |
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Definition
[image]
electrons flow thru the wire and ions flow thru the agar bridge |
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Term
| the reduction potential of the X:X- couple |
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Definition
| the observed voltage at the start of the experiment |
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Term
| the reduction potential of the H+:H2 couple |
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Definition
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Term
| what a positive reduction potential (ΔE0') indicates |
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Definition
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Term
| what a negative reduction potential (ΔE0') indicates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| faraday proportionality constant (96.48 kJ mol-1 V-1, or 23.06 kcal mol-1 V-1) |
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Term
| relationship between ΔE0' and ΔG°' |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the driving force of oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| the electron-transfer potential of NADH or FADH2 relative to that of O2 |
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Term
| where does the energy that produces the proton gradient to make ATP come from? |
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Definition
| the energy released by the reduction of each electron carrier |
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Term
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Definition
| supramolecular complex composed of complexes that carries electrons down the electron transport chain |
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Term
| depiction of the components of the electron transport chain |
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Definition
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Term
| why FADh2 derived electrons pump fewer protons and ATP than NADH derived electrons |
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Definition
| electrons from FADH2 feed into the chain downstream from those from NADH because those from FADH2 have lower reduction potential |
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Term
| why electrons from FADH2 feed into the chain downstream from those from NADH |
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Definition
| because those from FADH2 have lower reduction potential |
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Term
| the 2 types of Fe proteins in the electron transport chain |
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Definition
1: iron-sulfur proteins aka nonheme-iron proteins
2: cytochromes, which are components of heme prothetic groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Fe containing protein that is a component of a heme prosthetic group |
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Term
| another metal that can participate in the electron transport chain |
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Definition
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Term
| how electron transfer works for quinones |
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Definition
| for quinones, electron-transfer rxns are coupled to proton binding and release |
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Term
| how the electron transport chain creates a proton gradient |
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Definition
| electron flow within it leads to the transport of protons accross the inner membrane |
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Term
| a protein complex that does not pump electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| where the electrons from NADH enter the electron transport chain |
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Definition
| at NADH-Q oxidoreductase (complex 1) |
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Term
| depiction of the electron transport chain's complexes |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of coupled electron-proton transfer rxns thru NADH-Q oxidoreductase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| funnels electrons from a 2 electron carrier to a 1 electron carrier and pumps protons |
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Term
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Definition
| the mechanism for the coupling of electron transfer from Q to cytochrome C to transmembrane proton transport |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of the cytochrome oxidase mechanism |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of proton transport by cytochrome c oxidase |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of the electron-transport chain |
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Definition
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Term
| some dangerous radicals that can form from O2 |
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Definition
| -superoxide (O2-)
-peroxide (O22-) |
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Term
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Definition
| -superoxide (O2-)
-peroxide (O22-)
-hydroxyl radical (OH•) |
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Term
| some things reactive oxygen species can cause |
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Definition
-aging
-some other diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the conversion of 2 superoxides into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen |
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Term
| depiction of the function of superoxide dismutase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the dismutation of hydrogen peroxide into water and molecular oxygen |
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Term
| depiction of the function of catalase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rxn in which a single reactant is converted into 2 different products |
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Term
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Definition
| protein protons move thru to generate ATP |
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Term
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Definition
proposes that electron transport and ATP synthesis are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
basically says that flow of protons drives production of ATP by ATP synthase |
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Term
| how electron transport and ATP synthesis are coupled |
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Definition
| by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| depiction of the chemostatic hypothesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the energy rich, unequal distribution of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| the 2 components of the proton motive force |
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Definition
1: chemical gradient
2: charge gradient |
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Term
| chemical gradient for protons |
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Definition
| can be represented as a pH gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| created by the positive charge on the unequally distributed protons forming the chemical gradient |
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Term
| how protons are transported out of the matrix into the intermembrane space |
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Definition
| electron transfer thru the respiratory chain leads to the pumping of protons |
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Term
| how to calculate proton-motive force |
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Definition
| proton-motive force (Δp) = chemical gradient (ΔH) + charge gradient (Δψ) |
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Term
| the respiratory chain and ATP synthase are biochemically separate. what links them? |
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Definition
| only the proton-motive force |
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Term
| depiction of the link between the respiratory chain and ATP synthase |
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Definition
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Term
| how NADH oxidation is coupled to ATP synthesis |
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Definition
1: electron transport generates a proton-motive force
2: ATP synthesis by ATP synthase is powered by a proton-motive force |
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Term
| depiction of ATP synthase |
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Definition
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Term
| what makes each of the 3 β subunits different? |
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Definition
| they each interact with a different face of the γ subunit |
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Term
| how formation of cristae makes ATP synthesis more efficient |
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Definition
| localizing the proton gradient to where the ATP synthases are |
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Term
| depiction of how ATP synthase assists in the formation of cristae |
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Definition
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Term
| the rxn ATP synthase catalyzes |
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Definition
| formation of ATP from ADP and orthophosphate
ADP3- + HPO42- + H+ <--> ATP4- + H2O |
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Term
| the 3 different functions performed by the 3 active sites in ATP synthase |
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Definition
| 1: trapping of ADP and Pi
2: ATP synthesis
3: ATP release and ADP and Pi binding |
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Term
| the 2 parts of ATP synthase |
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Definition
1: moving unit (rotor) consisting of c ring and γε stalk
2: the stationary unit (stator) consisting of the remainder of the molecule |
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Term
| depiction of the distinct ATP synthase nucleotide-binding sites |
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Definition
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Term
| order in which subunits of ATP synthase change state |
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Definition
T --> O --> L
repeatedly rotates counterclockwise |
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Term
| depiction of a binding-change mechanism for ATP synthase |
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Definition
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Term
| what drives the rotation of the γ subunit in ATP synthase? |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of the components of the proton-conducting unit of ATP synthase |
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Definition
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Term
| what powers the rtation of the c ring in ATP synthase? |
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Definition
| movement of protons thru the half channels from high proton c'tration of intermembrane space to low proton c'tration of matrix |
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Term
| depiction of proton motion across the membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of the proton path thru the membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| number of c subunits in ring vs. efficiency of ATP synthase |
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Definition
| the more subunits in the ring, the less efficient, that is, the more protons needed to synthesize 1 ATP |
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Term
| depiction of an overview of oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
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Term
| how electrons from intermembrane space enter matrix |
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Definition
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Term
| how NADH is reoxidized to NAD+ |
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Definition
| electrons from NADH, rather than NADH itself, are carried across the mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle |
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Definition
| introduces electrons from NADH into the electron transport chain |
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Term
| depiction of the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transfers electrons from NADH to oxaloacetate, forming malate |
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Term
| depiction of the malate-aspartate shuttle |
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Definition
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Term
| the major function of oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transports ATP out of matrix and ADP into matrix |
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Term
| when ATP enters the mitochondrial matrix |
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Definition
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Term
| when ADP enters the mitochondrial matrix |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of the mechanism of ATP-ADP translocase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large complex of proteins that provide the substrates needed for ATP synthesis |
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Term
| depiction of the mitochondrial transporters |
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Definition
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Term
| cellular respiration is regulated by... |
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Definition
| the need for ATP, since it's the ultimate and product of cellular respiration |
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Term
| how many molecules of ATP are formed when glucose is completely oxidzed to co2? |
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Definition
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Term
| which step of cellular respiration generates most of the ATP? |
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Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation (26 of 30) |
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Term
| how many ATP does anaerobic glycolysis yield? |
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Definition
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Term
| the rate of oxidative phosphorylation is determined by... |
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Definition
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Term
| when electrons flow thru the electron transport chain to O2 |
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Definition
| they usually do this only when ADP is simultaneously phosphorylated to ATP |
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Term
| respiratory control or acceptor control |
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Definition
| regulation of the rate of oxidative phosphorylation by the ADP level |
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Term
| when electrons flow from fuel molecules to O2 |
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Definition
| only when ATP needs to be synthesized |
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Term
| depiction of how energy charge regulates the use of fuels |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of some things proton gradient can be used for |
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Definition
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