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| made of all the living/unliving components interacting in a specific area at the same time |
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| group of individuals of same species in an area at the same time |
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| multiple populations of dif species in a given area |
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| animal's living area; inc, soil, vegetation, water supply, & other factors |
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| species w/ dramatic impact on ecosystem they live in (i.e. beavers, sea otters, wolves, elephants) |
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| organism's place in the community; habitat use, food consumption, species interactions, shelter |
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| have ability to survive in dif environments/situations |
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| adapted to specific environment; vulnerable to change |
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| fighting over the same resources; one has to beat the other; can be between 2+ dif species or same species |
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| benefiting from one another; no one is harmed in the making of ___; i.e. bees & flowers; |
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| predation (predator/prey relationship) |
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| eating another species; one benefits, other dies; related to transferring of energy thru trophic levels |
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| organism uses another for food & nutrients without immediately killing it; often the two species evolve relative to each other |
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| eating plants; plants hurt but animals benefit; plants develop thorns, toxins, hairs to discourage eating |
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| one species benefits, the other doesn't care |
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| amensalistic relationships |
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| one organism harms/inhibits another for no reason/doesn't benefit |
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| large ecological areas dominated by particular plant type |
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| categorized by categories such as salinity, temp, nutrients, currents, depth, wave action, animals, and bottom substrate |
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| high yr-round percipitation; warm yr-round; high biodiversity; around equator; acidic soil bc most nutrients within vegetation |
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| low overall rain, but rainy half yr; warm yr-round; adapted to seasonal fluctations; India, Africa, S. America, N. Australia |
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| High rainfall yr-round; moderate rainfall; coniferous trees, mosses, moisture-loving species; Pacific NW (US) & Japan |
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| Temperate Deciduous Forest |
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| Rainfall even throughout yr; seasonal temps; deciduous broadleaf trees; Europe, E NA, eastern China; fertile soil |
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| long winters, short cool summers; moderate rainfall; evergreen forests, moose, lynx; Canada, Russia; many bogs, lakes & poor nutrients in soil |
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| Short rainy season; warm/little seasonal variation; grasslands w/ acacias, zebras, lions; Africa, S America, Australia, India |
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| seasonal w/ wet winters & dry summers; mild winters & warm summers; evergreen shrubs; CA, Chile, S Aussie, land around Mediterranean Sea; freq. fires |
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| Temperate Grassland/Steppe |
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| Low precip.; extremely seasonal; mainly grasses; bison, prarie dogs; N/S America, central Asia; cleared for agriculture |
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| low rainfall; cold winters, cool summers; lichens, low vegatation, migratory animals; Artic Russia, Scandinavia, Rockies; short winter days/long summer days; soil permanently frozen |
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| minimal rainfall; temps vary dramatically day/night; some bare/no vegetation, kanagroos, rattlesnakes; Africa, AZ & NW Mexico; soil has high saline content |
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| getting energy from sun; key for all animal's survival (except for chemosynthetic organisms); 6CO2+6H2O+light-> C6H12O6+6O2 |
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| process of "burning" carb glucose in presence of O for energy |
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| models of overlapping food chains; represents complex flow from producers to consumers to decomposers in an ecosystem |
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| simple layer of energy flow from producer to various consumers |
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| producers; convert sunlight to energy |
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| herbivores (primary consumers); omnivores (primary/secondary/teriary consumer); carnivore (secondary/tertiary); convert stored energy in plants; ocean producers might have less producers, but otherwise normal dist. |
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| diagram that shows loss of energy in each level trophic level |
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| layer that an organism occupies (consumer/producer/decomposer); 90% of energy lost through transfer of this |
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| variety of ecosystems in specific area; low: large prarie land; high: forest w/ dif tree species |
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| number/variety of a species within a community |
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| number of species in an area |
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| number of each species in comparison to the others |
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| variation of heritable DNA amongst a species' individuals |
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| total of all species in a given area at a specific time; viewed by ecosystems, species, genetics; not evenly distr. bc of factors like climate/altitude/topography |
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| the higher the latitude, the less animals living in areas |
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| variation in genetic makeup of population of organisms through generations; takes place over many gens, randomly or nat'l seletion |
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| genetic traits strengthen an organism's chance of survival & reproduction are passed on to future gens |
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| accidental evolution; may or may not be successful (i.e. albinoism - not; humans walking - did) |
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| humans impact which traits are selected; dog/cat/horse/cow/pig/etc breeds |
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| characteristics are moderate and either side of characteristic is deadly (beak too long/short to reach pollen) |
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| discriminates against individuals w/ characteristics at extremes; evolution occurs with either extreme dominating population (long or short beaks, but no medium) |
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| favors one extreme, so the other extreme/average fade away |
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| similar organisms live in the same place, but have different jobs |
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| species seperated physically and evolve differently |
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| what an ecosystem does to support life on Earth |
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| everyone dies - but only in one place |
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| Endangered Species Act (ESA) |
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| keeps US gov't/private citizens from doing anything to affect endangered species & their habitat |
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| Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) |
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| bans transportation of endangered species' body parts internationally |
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| background extinction rate |
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| everyone dies, but gradually over time |
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| everyone dies at practically the same time; 5 known events |
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| primary ecological succession |
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| starts with bare rock w/ no soil or life |
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| secondary ecological succession |
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| re-growth of an area after an event has wiped out prior community; still soil and life |
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| organisms that start ecological succession |
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| movement of nutrients through ecosystems |
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| exists in living organisms, decomposing components of ecosystems, abiotic environmental factors; soluble in water |
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| moves through animals when they consume organisms; released into atmos during cellular respiration & decomposition |
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| plants, oceans, sedimentary deposits (carbonate rocks); coal, gas, crude oil |
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| aids in formation of atmos's ozone; oxidizes rocks and minerals so they aren't in atmos; photosynthesis |
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| starts as a gas; fixed to soil by lightning or bacteria; creates ammonia (becomes ammonium, water-soluble ion), sometimes further converted by other bacteria to convert into __O3; taken in by plants; decomposers process it and return it to soil; de____ return it to air |
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| lightning or nitrogen-fixing bacteria; bacteria live in soil and in nodules on roots of legumes |
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| converting ammonium to nitrite (NO2-) ions then nitrate ions (NO3-) by nitrifying bacteria |
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| nitrogen fixation process created by humans; has negatively altered nitrogen cycle by doubling amt of nitrogen fixation occuring on Earth, which can lead to eutrophication |
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| found in soil, rock, sediments; released from rocks through chemical weathering; absorbed from soil into plants; limiting factor for plant growth; can enter water table & create dead zones |
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| released into atmos from rocks thru weathering, volcanic eruptions, and decay of dead organism; reacts w/ oxygen and water; deposited back into soil & water or combines with water and becomes acid rain; absorbed by plants |
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