Term
| What are hormones and what secretes them? |
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Definition
| Control physiologoical processes such as: balancing composition and volume of body fluids, regulate metabolism and energy production, direct rate and timing of growth and development, exert emergency control during physical and mental strewss, oversee reproductive mechanisms. Endocrine glands secrete into interstitial fluid around cells and travel through bloodstream. |
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Term
| What are 6 glands that are involved with hormones? |
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Definition
1. Pituitary
2. Thyroid
3. Parathyroid
4. Adrenal
5. Pineal
6. Thymus |
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Term
| What are structures containing endocrine tissue? |
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Definition
1. Pancreas
2. Hypothalamus
3. Heart
4. Ovary
5. Placenta
6. Testis
7. Kidney
8. Stomach
9. Small intestine
10. Skin |
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Term
| Descrie endocrine homeostasis (mechanism, targets, effects, response). |
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Definition
| Hormones carried in blood, targets all body cells, effects are excitatory and inhibitory, response time in seconds/hours/days, response duration longer than nervous system. |
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Term
| Describe nervous system homeostasis (mechanism, targets, effects, response). |
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Definition
| Action potential and neurotransmitters, targets muscles/glands/neurons, effects excitatory and inhibitory, response time in milliseconds and duration is briefer. |
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Term
| What is the role of hormone receptors? |
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Definition
| Receptors composed of protein/glycoproteins, hormor has no effect if receptor not present, target cells have 2,000 - 100,000 receptors for a hormone, down-regulation is decrease in # of receptors and up-regulation is increase. |
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Term
| What are circulating hormones? |
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Definition
| Act on distant target organ, eventually inactivated by liver and excreted by kidneys. |
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Term
| What are the 2 classes of hormones? |
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Definition
Lipid-soluble: bind to receptor in cytoplasm or nucles of cell, this includes steroids/thyroid hormones/nitric oxide
Water-soluble: bind to receptor on surface of cell, includes amines/peptides and proteins/eicosanoids |
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Term
| What are steroids (include solubility/examples)? |
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Definition
| Base molecule is cholesterol, soluble in lipid, example is sex hormone. |
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Term
| What are amines (include solubility/examples)? |
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Definition
| Base moledcule is modified amino acids, soluble in water, examples are catecholamines and histamine. |
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Term
| What are proteins and peptides (including solubility/examples)? |
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Definition
| Base molecule is 3-200 amino acid chains, soluble in water, example is TSH. |
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Term
| What are eicosanoids (including solubility/examples)? |
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Definition
| Affects locally, can act as circulating hormone, base molecule is arachidonic acid, soluble in water, examples are prostaglandins and leukotrienes. |
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Term
| Describe the action of lipid-soluble hormones. |
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Definition
| Enter cells through lipid bilayer, bind to receptor in nucles or cytoplasm. |
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Term
| Which hormones are take orally and which are taken by injection? |
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Definition
| Lipid-soluble taken orally, water-soluble taken by injection. |
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Term
| Describe the action of water-soluble hormones. |
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Definition
| Bind to receptor on cell membrane (protein/glycoprotein, action via G proteins), second messenger is then released from receptor. |
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Term
| Describe the relation between cholera and G proteins. |
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Definition
| Cholera is deadly, bacterial infection, leads to massive water diarrhea then dehydration, toxin activates G protein, cAMP pumps Cl- out, water follows, G proteins locked in activated state. |
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Term
| What are the 3 things that the responsiveness of a target cell depends on? |
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Definition
1. Hormone concentration
2. Receptor abundance
3. Influences of other hormones
Influences can be:
Permissive - second hormone required at same time
Synergistic - two together have greater effect
Antagonistic - opposes action |
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Term
| What are ways in which hormone secretion is controlled? |
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Definition
| Nervous system, blood chemistry, other hormones, feedback systems. |
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of the pituitary gland and what is the pituitary gland controlled by? |
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Definition
1. Adenohypophysis
2. Pars intermedia
3. Neurohypophysis
Pituitary gland attached to and controlled by hypothalamus which acts as link between nervous and endocrine systems. |
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Term
| How does the hypothalamus release hormones? |
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Definition
| Hypothalamic nuclei are major integrating link between NS and endocrine systems, secretory vesicles store hypothalamic hormones, hormones move from cell body to axon terminals, nerve impulse stimulates exocytosis which releases hormones, hormones diffuse into hypophyseal portal system. |
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Term
| What is the function/target of the human growth hormone? |
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Definition
| Stimulates secretion of insulin-like growth factors that promote growth, targets everywhere. |
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Term
| What is the function/target of the thyroid-stimulating hormone? |
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Definition
| Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland. |
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Term
| What is the function/target of prolactin? |
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Definition
| Stimulates breast growth/development of mammary glands/milk production. |
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Term
| What is the function/target of follicle-stimulating hormone? |
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Definition
| Ovaries initiate development of oocytes/testes initiate development of spermatozoa. |
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Term
| What is the function/target of luteinizing hormone? |
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Definition
| Ovaries stimulate ovulation/testes stimulate testosterone production. |
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Term
| What is the function/target of adrenocorticotropic hormone? |
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Definition
| Stimulates release of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex. |
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Term
| What is the function/target of melanocyte-stimulating hormone? |
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Definition
| Stimulates production and release of melanin by melanocytes in skin and hair. |
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Term
| How much of the pituitary gland is the anterior pituitary? |
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Definition
| Makes up 75% of pituitary gland. |
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Term
| What are the functions of and structure of the posterior pituitary? |
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Definition
| Does not synthesis hormones only sores and releases them, made up of pituicytes and hypothalamic axons. |
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Term
| What are the 2 posterior pituitary hormones? |
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Definition
Oxytocin: increases contractions in uterus, letdown reflex in breasts.
Antidiuretic hormone: decreases urine production, kidney water reabsorption, pain/stress/stimulants/morphine increase secretion. |
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Term
| Where is the thyroid gland located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones do the thyroid follicular cells release and what is their function? |
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Definition
T4 = thyroxine
T3 = triiodothyronine
Increase oxygen use and BMR, cellular metabolism, stimulate protein synthesis and use of glucose, accelerates growth and development. |
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Term
| What hormones do the thyroid parafollicular cells and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Calcitonin, lowers blood Ca level by inhibiting action of osteoclasts in bone. |
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Term
| Where are the parathyroid glands and what hormones do they release? |
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Definition
| Posterior to thyroid, parathyroid hormone invloved which increases osteoclast activity which reabsorbs Ca and Mg from urine, raises blood Ca level. |
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Term
| Where is the adrenal cortex located, what is its structure and function? |
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Definition
| Superior to kidneys, 80-90% weight of the adrenal gland, secretes steroid hormones essential for life. |
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Term
| Describe the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. |
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Definition
| Outer zone, mineralocorticoids which regulate Na reabsorption and K excretion, help adjust blood pressure and blood volume, target cells in kidneys. |
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Term
| Describe the zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex. |
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Definition
| Middle zone, glucocorticoids which increase blood glucose levels, beakdown of proteins in muscle fibers, formation of glucose, lipolysis, stress resistance, anti-inflammatory. |
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Term
| Describe the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex. |
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Definition
| Inner zone, synthesize androgens for masculinizing effects, dehydroepiandrosterone most common, femal sex drive promoted, converted to estrogens in females. |
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Term
| Describe the adrenal medulla. |
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Definition
| Chromaffin cells which direct synapse with sympathetic ANS preganglionic neurons, quick release of hormones, catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
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Term
| What are epinephrine and norepinephrine (functions)? |
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Definition
| Both mimic ANS effects, fight/flight response, help resist stress, not essential for life, increase HR/BP/blood flow to heart and muscle and liver, dilate lung airways, increase glucose/fatty acid levels in blood. |
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Term
| How much of the pancreatic cells are exocrine cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the pancreatic alpha cells? |
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Definition
| Produce glucagon, increase blood glucose levels (main job), glygenolysis -> converts glycogen to glucose, gluneogenesis -> fromation of glucose from lactic acid or amino acids. |
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Term
| What are the pancreatic beta cells? |
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Definition
| Produce insulin, decrease blood glucose levels, increase diffusion of glucose into cells, glycogenesis -> converts glucose to glycogen, lipgenesis -> synthesis of fatty acids. |
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Term
| What are the hormones involved with the ovaries? |
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Definition
| Estrogens, progesterone in the corpus luteum regulates menstrual cycle/maintains pregnancy/prepares breasts for lactation/maintins and develops female secondary sex characteristics, inhibin inhibits FSH secretion, relaxin relaxes pubic symphysis and cervix during pregnancy and childbirth. |
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Term
| What are the hormones dealing with the testes? |
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Definition
Testosterone: sperm production and male secondary sex characteristics
Inhibin: inhibits FSH |
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Term
| What are the cells and disorders associated with the pineal gland? |
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Definition
| Pinealocytes which are at the terminus of sympathetic postganglionic fibers and secrete melatonin in darkness to maintain sleepiness, seasonal affective disorder involved which is too much melatonin. |
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Term
| What are hormones and cells involved with the thymus? |
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Definition
| Thymocytes which secrete thymosin/thymic humoral factor/thymic factor/thymopoeitin, promote proliferation of T lymphocytes. |
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Term
| What are hormones involved with the GI tract? |
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Definition
Gastrin: increases stomach motility, secretes gastric juice
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide: stimulates insulin release
Secretin: stimulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion
Cholecystokinin: same as secretin and feeling full after meal |
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Term
| What are the hormones involved with the placenta? |
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Definition
Human chorionic gonadotropin: stimulates corpus luteum to maintain pregnancy
Estrogens/progesterones: maintain pregnancy/prepare breasts
Human chorionic somatomammotropin: prepare breasts |
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Term
| What are the hormones associated with the kidneys? |
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Definition
Renin: causes vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone
Erythropoietin: increases RBC production
Calcitrol: increases absorption of Ca and P |
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Term
| What is a hormone associated with the heart? |
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Definition
| Atrial natriuretic polypeptide: decreases BP |
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Term
| What is a hormone associated with adipose tissue? |
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Definition
| Leptin: suppresses appetite |
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Term
| Describe the homeostatic responses in relation to stress. |
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Definition
| Anything disrupting normal limits of chemistry/temperature/pressure can be classified as stress, Eustress is helpful stress, Distress is harmful stress. |
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Term
| What is the general adaptation syndrome? |
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Definition
| Body changes resulting from extreme long last or unusal stressors, does not maintain homeostasis, does prepare body for emergency, also called stress response. |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of the general adaptation syndrome? |
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Definition
1. Fight/Flight Response
2. Resistance Reaction
3. Exhaustion |
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Term
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Definition
| Fight/Flight, hypothalamus activates the sympathetic ANS which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine and targets adrenal glands which then releases cortisol, brain/muscles/heart more active, delivers huge amounts of oxygen and glucose to vital organs, inhibits digestive/urinary/reproductive functions, short duration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Resistance reaction, longer lasting response, hypothalmic release hormones involved, increased aldosterone and cortisol, allows body to continue fighting stressor, ATP/enzymes/cirulatory changes, blood chemistry back to normal levels but if that fails goes to stage 3. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exhaustion, prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol and other hormones, muscle wasting, immune suppression, GI ulcers, failure of pancreatic beta cells, leads to death. |
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Term
| How does stress relate to disease? |
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Definition
| Stress can suppress interleukin-1 secretion, IL-1 stimulates immune responses and responds to infection/inflammation etc. |
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Term
| How does aging relate to disease? |
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Definition
| Frequence of disorders increase, decreases secretion of most hormones, decreased estrogens in females lead to esteoporosis/high BP/atherosclerosis. |
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Term
| What is pituitary dwarfism? |
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Definition
| Hyposecretion of pituitary hGH during growth years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypersecretion of hGH during growth years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood, bones of hands/face/feet thicken, skin thickens, eyelids/nose/lips/tongue enlarge. |
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Term
| What is diabetes insipidus? |
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Definition
| Most common posterior pituitary gland dysfunction, inability to secrete or respond to ADH, brain damage/kidney non-responsiveness, copious urine, dehydration and thirst, treatments include hormone replacement/restrict salt in diet/diuretics. |
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Term
| What is congenital hypothyroidism? |
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Definition
| Thyroid hyposecretion fetal/infant stage, small stature, mental retardation, treatment includes TH supplements for life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adult hypothyroidism, edema/weight gain/puffy skin/lethargy, occurs 5x more in females, treatment includes TH supplement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common form of hyperthyroidism, autoimmune disorder, causes thyroid growth, exopthalamus, 7-10x more common in females, treatment includes removal or destruction of part of thyroid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enlarged thyroid, sometimes dietary iodine intake too low leading to thyroid compensates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintained contraction of skeletal muscles, associated with hypoparathyroidism, Ca deficiency then skeletal muscle spasms as action potentials produced spontaneously. |
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Term
| What is Cushing's syndrome? |
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Definition
| Cortisol hypersecretion by adrenal cortex, tumor in adrenal gland or elsewhere can be cause, moon face/buffalo hump on back/muscle wasting, treatment includes removal of tumor. |
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Term
| What is Addison's disease? |
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Definition
| Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone, most often an autoimmune disorder, effects include hypoglycemia/Na+ loss/low BP/dehydration/muscle weakness. |
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Term
| What is diabetes mellitus? |
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Definition
| Most common endocrine disorder, 4th leading cause of death by disease, inability to produce or use insulin, leads to excessive urine/excessive thirst/excessive eating. |
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Term
| What is type I diabetes mellitus? |
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Definition
| Automimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, usually appears in childhood, often by the time symptoms appear 80-90% of beta cells are destroyed, insulent injections, acidosis can lead to death. |
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Term
| What is type II diabetes mellitus? |
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Definition
| 90% of cases, occurs most in those over 35/overweight, insulin receptor down regulation so target cells become less sensitive to insulin, controlled with diet/exercise/weight loss. |
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