Term
| All Quiet on the Western Front |
|
Definition
| 1929 novel by Erich Maria Remarque about World War I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| author of All Quiet on the Western Front, a 1929 novel about World War I |
|
|
Term
| Great Britain, France, the United States |
|
Definition
| three western democracies that appeared powerful and ruled at the Paris Peace Conference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1925 series of treaties signed by representatives from 7 European nations in Switzerland that settled Germany's disputed borders with France, Belgium, Czechoslovakea, and Poland; were the symbol of a new era |
|
|
Term
| "France and Germany Ban War Forever" |
|
Definition
| New York Times' headline on the Locarno Treaties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hopeful feeling from the series of treaties that lead to the Kellogg-Briand Pact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1928 agreement signed by almost every independent nation that promised to "renounce war as an instrument of national policy" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reduction of armed forces and weapons; the great powers pursued this in their optimistic spirit after the Locarno treaties and the Kellogg-Briand Pact |
|
|
Term
| United States, Britain, France, Japan |
|
Definition
| nations that pursued disarmament and reduced the size of their navies, but not their armies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| headquarters of the League of Nations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nations that joined the League of Nations in 1926 after the Locarno treaties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| country that refused to join the League of Nations after the Kellogg-Briand Pact; weakened the League's power |
|
|
Term
| Japan's invasion of Manchuria |
|
Definition
| event that was condemned by the League of Nations in 1931; had no effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| country that emerged from WWI as the world's leading economic power; world's economy depended on it's economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them; happened after WWI |
|
|
Term
| Latin America, Africa, Asia |
|
Definition
| areas in which the demand for raw materials was increased during WWI, but caused overproduction after WWI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stock in US in which prices soared when investores got stocks through margin buying, but then caused Depression in 1929 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paying part of the cost and borrowing the rest from brokers; happened in US before 1929, but then loans fell through and caused Depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| painful time of global economic collapse in the 1930s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| country that imposed the highest tariffs in its history during the Great Depression; policy backfired when other countries raised their tariffs |
|
|
Term
| people lost faith in democracy; communists said capitalism had collapsed; fascists wanted intense nationalism |
|
Definition
| 3 short-term effects of the Great Depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| country that had economic problems after WWIbecause of U-boats, debt, and general strike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strike by workers in many different industries at the same time; Britain had one in 1926 that lasted for 9 days and involved 3million workers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| party in Britain that was stronger than the Librals in the 1920s because of worker support for a gradual move toward socialism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| party in Britain in the 1920s which held much power and was firmly backed by the middle class; gained support because of red scare; they limited power of workers to strike after the general strike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Britain's question about Ireland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1914 bill passed by British Parliament that was shelved when WWI began |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1916 revolt of militant Irish nationalists that was quickly suppressed with the execution of 15 rebel leaders |
|
|
Term
| Irish Republican Army (IRA) |
|
Definition
| Irish nationalist group that erupted into revolution with guerrilla warefare in 1919 when Parliament didn't grant home rule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| self-governing area of Ireland in 1922, discluding Ulster |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the largely Protestant northern counties of Ireland that remained under British rule in 1922 |
|
|
Term
| Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa |
|
Definition
| four former British colonies that became self-governing dominions in 1931 with the British Commonwealth of Nations |
|
|
Term
| British Commonwealth of Nations |
|
Definition
| British group of former colonies formed in 1931 with new dominions of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 territories regained for France from Germany after WWI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of governments that ruled France after WWI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| socialist leader in France in 1936 who had a Popular Front government that tried to solve labor problems and passed some social legislation; ultimately didn't work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of government that Leon Blum proposed in 1936 in France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defensive "wall", massive fortifications, along the border of France and Germany that offered a false sense of security |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| country that lead much international diplomacy by sponsoring the Kellogg-Briand Pact, pressing for disarmament, and working to reduce German reparations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1919 and 1920 fear of the Bolshevik Revolution and bomb-throwing radicals in the US that led to explusion of foreigners, limited immigration from Europeans, and exclusion of immigration from China and Japan |
|
|
Term
| President Calvin Coolidge |
|
Definition
| said "the business of America is business" ; explained America's 1920s middle-class benefiting from capitalism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believed that the government should not intervene in private business matters |
|
|
Term
| Franklin D. Roosevelt "FDR" |
|
Definition
| energetic and optimistic President of the US in 1932 who introduced the New Deal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| massive package of economic of social programs introduced by FDR that made government prevelent in everyday life, regulated the stock market, proteted bank depositers' savings, created jobs, introduced a new Social Security system, and gave aid to farmers; in the end, it failed to end the Great Depression, but easied the suffering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reform introduced under the New Deal that provided old-age pensions and other benefits that major European countries had introduced years earlier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irish poet who wrote "The Second Coming" that summed up the mood of postwar writers and artists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poem by Irish poet William Butler Yeats saying: "Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosened, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first people to propose that all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polish-born French scientist who experimented with radioactivity in the early 1900s and proved that atoms are not solid and indivisible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German-born physicist who created, among HEAPS of other things, the theory of relativity, which challenged Newtonian science |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Austrian physician who suggested that the subconscious mind drives much human behavior and pioneered psychoanalysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders; pioneered by Sigmund Freud |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| painter who boldly used color and odd distortions; dubbed a fauve ("Wild Beast") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| artists that outraged the public with their bold use of color and odd distortions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spanish artist who used cubism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Picasso's friend who helped creat cubism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| revolutionary new style of art that broke 3-D objects into fragments and composed them into complex patterns of angles and planes; offered a new view of reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Russian artist who used abstract art |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German artist who used abstract art |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| art form composed of lines, colors, and shapes with no recognizable subject matter; used by Kandinsky and Klee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a revolt against civilization that burt onto the Paris art world with paintings by Hans Arp and Max Ernst were intended to shock and disturb middle-class viewers; "_____ is life without discipline or morality and we spit on humanity" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a movement that attempted to portray the workings of the unconscious mind; was inspired by cubism and dada |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spanish surrealist who used images of melting clocks or burning giraffes to suggest the chaotic dream state by Freud; painted The Persistence of Memory in 1931 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Germany school that influenced architecure by blending science and technology with design; used glass, steel, and concrete but little ornamentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American architect who reflected the Bauhaus belief that the function of a building should determine its own form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American-born English poet who published "The Waste Land" in 1922; portrays the modern world as spiritually empty and barren |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T.S. Eliot's 1922 long poem that portrays the modern world as spiritually empty and barren |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| novel by Ernest Hemingway that shows the rootless wanderings of young people who lack deep convictions; says "I did not care what it was all about, All I wanted to know was how to live in it" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American novelist who wrote The Sun Also Rises that shows the rootless wanderings of young people who lack deep convictions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| writing technique in which a writer appears to probe a character's random thoughts and feelings without imposing any logic or order; used by Virginia Woolf in Mrs. Dalloway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| novel by Virginia Woolf that used stream of consciousness to explore the hidden thoughts of people as they go through ordinary actions of their everyday lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| British novelist who wrote Mrs. Dalloway, which used stream of consciousness techniques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irish novelist who wrote Finnegans Wake and made up many rediculously long words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| novel by James Joyce that explores the inner mind of a hero who remains sound asleep throughout the novel ; uses many invented words- some rediculously long |
|
|
Term
| bababadalgharagtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk |
|
Definition
| rediculous 100 letter word invented by James Joyce in Finnegan's Wake to convey the freedom and playfullness of the unconscious mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what people wanted to return to after WWI; life as it had been before 1914 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| silent movie star who had fans all over the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new type of music peoneered by African American musicians who combined western harmonies with African rhythms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jazz trumpeter who took simple melodies and improvised endless subtle variations in rhythm and beat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nickname for the 1920s because of the nightclubs and jazz as symbols of the freedom to experiment with culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American writer living in Paris who called the rebellious young people who rejected the moral values of and rules of the Victorian Age the "lost generation" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liberated young women; symbol of the rebellious Jazz Age youth; rejected old ways and bobbed their hair and wore shorter skirts and went on unchaperoned dates to wild new dance clubs and smoked and drank |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wild new dance fad in the Jazz Age that flappers enjoyed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| governor of Texas - was elected to public office |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first woman to serve in the British Parliament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Italian veteran of WWI who went home to Italy being in economic chaos and polital corruption; said "I hated politics and politicians" and the constitutional government "had betrayed the hopes of soldiers, reducing Italy to a shameful peace."; then supported Mussolini |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where Italy expected to gain territory with the Paris peace treaties, but it was instead part of Yugoslavia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| son of a socialist blacksmith and a teacher who was a socialist youth, but rejected it during WWI; created the Fascist part in 1919 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Latin name for a bundle of sticks wrapped around an ax which was a symbol of authority of ancient Rome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| party in Italy organized by Benito Mussolini in 1919; composed of veterans and discontented Italians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what Mussolini pledged to turn the Mediterranean into again when he spoke of reviving Roman greatness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "combat squads" of Mussolini's who rejected the democratic process in favor of violent action and broke up socialist rallies, smashed leftist presses, and attacked farmers' cooperatives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fascist bed for power at a rally in Naples in 1922 to demand that the government make changes; lots of Fascists came |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leader in Italy who asked Mussolini to form a government as prime minister because of fear of civil war; Mussolini accepted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| title taken by Mussolini in 1925 meaning "the leader" when he assumed more power as he suppressed rival parties, muzzled the press, rigged elections, and replaced elected officials with Fascist supporters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theoretical government of Italy ; was actually a dictatorship with Mussolini ruling with Secret police and propaganda |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mussolini's economy in which representatives of business, labor, government, and the Fascist party controlled industry, agriculture, and trade; production increased, but the workers were forbidden to strike and had low wages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slogan that glorified the Fascist state and Mussolini |
|
|
Term
| "win the battle of motherhood" |
|
Definition
| what Mussolini told women to do when they were pushed out of paying jobs; women with more than 14 children got a medal from Il Duce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups that toughened children and taught them to obey strict military discipline and they learned about the glories of ancient Rome |
|
|
Term
| "Mussolini is always right" |
|
Definition
| what young Fascists chanted in parades and hymns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any authoritarian government that is not communist; meant different things in different countries in the 1920-30s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| said "Fascism conceives of the State as an absolute, in comparison with which all individuals or groups are relative, only to be conceived of their relation to the State" |
|
|
Term
| things that Fascists rejected |
|
Definition
| democracy; the Enlightenment faith in reason; the concepts of equality and liberty spread by the French Revolution |
|
|
Term
| things that Fascists believed in |
|
Definition
| emotion; the need for citizen to serve the state; agressive foreign expansion; Social Darwinism - "survival of the fittest"; warefare |
|
|
Term
| Communist Russia and Fascist Italy |
|
Definition
| opposites, but remarkably similar |
|
|
Term
| things that Stalin in the Soviet Union, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and Mussolini in Italy all have in common |
|
Definition
| (1)a single party dictatorship (2) state control of the economy (3) use of police spies and terror to enforce the will of the state (4) strict censorship and government monopoly of the media (5) use of schools and the media to indoctrinate and mobilize citizens (6) unquestioning obedience to a single leader |
|
|
Term
| Britain, France, and North America |
|
Definition
| areas where Newspapers applauded the discipline and order of Mussolini's government at first; said "he got the trains running on time" |
|
|
Term
| Democracy, Communism, and Fascism |
|
Definition
| three systems of government that competed for influence in postwar Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| said "The National Socialist revolution has begun!" when he burst into a beer hall in Munich with his brown-shirted thugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| city where German leaders drafted a constitution in 1919 that created a Republic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| democratic government set up by the constitution that German leaders drafted in 1919; set up a parlimentary system led by a chancellor and gave women the vote and included a bill of rights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prime minister; was used by Germany under the Weimar Republic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Germans who demanded radical changes in the Weimar Republic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group including old Junder nobility, military officers, and wealthy bourgeoise who attacked the Weimar Republic as too liberal and weak; wanted another strong leader like Bismarck or the kaiser |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what Germans of all classes blamed for the Versailles treaty; then they made the German Jews scapegoats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coal-rich place where France occuied when Gemany fell behind in its reparatios payments in 1923 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German money hat became alomst worthless when Ruhr Germans refused to work and the government printed a lot of money; many families couldn't pay for anything |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1924 plan when France withdrew its forces from the Ruhr and American loans helped the German economy recover |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where Hitler hoped to go to art school when he was 18 and was turned down, but then developed his fanatical antisemtim |
|
|
Term
| National Socialist German Workers (Nazi) party |
|
Definition
| extreme right-wing political party that Hitler was the leader of by 1920 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nazi supporters fighting squads who battled in the streets against their political enemies |
|
|
Term
| Mein Kampf ("My Struggle") |
|
Definition
| Hitler's book that he wrote while in prison; outlined Nazi goals and ideology with extreme nationalism, racism, and antisemitism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light-skinned Europeans that Hitler wrote belonged to a superior "master race" whos greatest enemies were the Jews |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hitler's greatest enemies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| living space; Hitler said that Germans everywhere should unite in one great natio so that Germany could expand and give this for its people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strong leader; Hitler believed Germany needed it to achieve greatness, and he wanted to be it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helped Hitler because as unemployment rose, Nazi membership grew and Hitler's program appealed to workers , the lower middle classes, small-town Germans, and business people alike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower house of the German legislature that Nazi and Communists won seats in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| year that Hitler was elected chancellor of Germany; he suspended civil rights, destroyed the socialists and Communists, and disbanded other political parties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symbol of the Nazi party; on their flag |
|
|
Term
| medieval Holy Roman Empire |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| empred forged by Bismarck in 1871 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hitler's new great power tha he boastd the German master race would dominate Europe for 1000 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rejected; Hitler rejected the Treaty of Versailles andbegan schemin to unitGermany and Austria; young Nazis sang, "Today Germany belongs to us, Tomorrow, the world." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elite, black-uniformed troops that enforced Hitler's will |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hitler's secret police who rooted out opposition |
|
|
Term
| "Strength Through Joy" programs |
|
Definition
| programs that offered German workers vigorous outdoor vacations that also made them physically fit for military service |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| young people who pledged absolute loyalty to Germany and undertood physical fitness programs to prepare for war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opera writer who re-created old German myths that the Nazis glorified |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hitler despised it and called it "weak" and "flabby" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lutheran minister who preached against Nazi policies and was later jailed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1935 laws that placed severe restrictions on Jews; prohibited from marrying non-Jews, attending or teaching at German schols or uiversities holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine, or publishing books. |
|
|
Term
| Kristallnacht "Night of Broken Glass" |
|
Definition
| night of November 7, 1938 when Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities all over Germany shouting "Revenge for Paris! Down with the Jews!" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detention centers for civilans considered enemies of the sate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what Hitler called the extermination of all Jews |
|
|
