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| idealist who hoped for a permanent end to the scourge of war who said "the future belongs to peace" |
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| German chancellor who predicted "I shall not live to see the Great War, but you will see it, and it will start in the east" |
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| first modern ones in 1896 in Athens who's founder hoped that they would promote "love of peace and respect for life" |
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| Swedish inventor of dynamite who regretted the military uses of his invention and set up the Nobel Peace Prize in his will |
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| Dutch doctor who argued if women could vote, they could prevent war because "they don't feel as men do about war, they are the mothers of the race" |
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| Women's Internation League for Peace and Freedom |
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| organization that promoted pacifism |
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| First Universal Peace Conference |
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| conference in the Netherlands in 1899 when many world leaders attended and set up the Hague Tibunal |
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| world court set up by the First Universal Peace Conference to settle disputes between nations; ultimately could not force nations to submit their disputes or enforce rulings, but took a step towards keeping peace |
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| one of the leading causes of international tension |
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| French border provinces that Germany occupied after French defeat in the France-Prussian War; "lost provinces" |
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| powerful form of nationalism for all Slavic peoples |
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| proud young Slavic nation that Russia wanted to help to create a South Slav state |
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| strong country; part of Central Powers |
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| felt threatened by new nations on its borders, such as Serbia and Greece |
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| attacked Turkey in 1912 and were in a series of wars that raised tensions in Europe; called the "powder keg of Europe" |
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| the glorification of the military; one German called war "a biological necessity of the first importance" |
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| Austria-Hungary and Germany |
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| treaty signed by Bismarck in 1882 that allied Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy |
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| a nonbinding agreement to follow common policies; not as formas as a treaty, but led to close military and diplomatic ties |
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| a nonbinding agreement to follow common policies; not as formas as a treaty, but led to close military and diplomatic ties |
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| Great Britain, France, and Russia |
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| kaiser of Germany who had rivelries with his cousins George V of Britain and Czar Nicholas II of Russia |
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| Bertha von Suttner "Peace Bertha" |
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| daughter of a noble Austrian military family who wrote a best-selling anitiwar novel and organized a peace society; had nickname; knew that "the great European disaster is well on its way. If so many seeds have been sown, surely the weeds will sprout up soon and surely so much stockpiled gunpowder will explode" |
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| Archduke Francis Ferdinand |
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| Archduke of Austria-Hungary who visited Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 and was killed |
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| capital city ruled by Austria-Hungary but the home to Serbs and Slavs where Francis Ferdinand was killed |
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| Unity or Death; the Black Hand |
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| Serbian terrorist group that vowed to take action against the archduke |
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| wife of Francis Ferdinand who was also killed in Sarajevo |
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| member of the Black Hand who killed Francis and Sophie Ferdinand in Sarajevo |
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| Austrian emperor who was not convinced to go to war after Sarajevo |
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| prepare military forces for war |
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| czar of Russia at the start of WWI |
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| policy of supporting neither side in a war |
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| General Alfred von Schlieffen |
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| German general who had developed a plan of attack against France |
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| German plan of attack against France to avoid a two-front war (with France in the west and Russia in the east) |
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| a widely read study of the outbreak of the war written by Barbara Tuchman |
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| historian who wrote The Guns of August |
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| British diplomat who predicted "the lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall not see them lit again in our lifetime" |
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| nickname for World War one |
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| a deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other |
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| lands in Belgium and France with trenches from the Swiss frontier to the English Channel in WWI |
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| December 24, 1914 temporary truce between British and German troops. |
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| American war correspondent who wrote With the French in France and Salonika and described "there were vast stretches of mud, of fields once cultibated, but now scarred with pits, trenches, rusty barbed wires. The roads were rivers of clay. They were lined with dugouts, cellars, and caves. These burrows in the earth were supported by beams, and suggested a shaft in a disused mine." |
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| empty tract between opposing trench lines which was very hard to get across during a battle - was a few hundred yards long |
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| where Germany attacked France and the battle lasted 11 months long with 500,000 casualties on both sides and ended with French battle cry "They shall not pass" |
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| French battle cry at Verdun that held back the Germans |
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| where Allies attacked Germany with a battle that lasted 5 months, killed 1 million soldiers, and which ended in no advantage for either side |
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| rapid-fire machine guns, poison gas, armored tank, zeppelins, airplanes, submarines |
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| 6 new technologies used in the war |
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| British soldier who said "I suppose I resembled a kind of fish with my mouth open gasping for air. It seemed as if my lungs were gradually shutting up and my heart pounded away in my ears like the beat of a drum.... To get air into my lungs was real agony." |
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| large gas-filled balloons that Germany used in 1915 to bomb the English coast |
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| submarines, underwater ships that German forces attacked Allies and sunk merchant ships with |
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| groups of merchant ships protected by warships that Allies used to protect themselves against German U-boats |
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| battle when Russia pushed into Germany and was defeated horribly and Russia suffered |
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| country that joined the Central Powers in 1915 to help crush Serbia |
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| battle when Austria and Germany pushed into Italy, Italy retreated, and Britain and France stopped the Central Powers' advance; was disasterous for Italy |
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| vital strait connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean where there was the battle of Gallipoli |
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| 1915 battle when Turkish troops stopped the Allies' force of British, Indian, Australian, and New Zealander troops on the beaches of the Dardanelles strait and 10 months later the Allies withdrew; caused over 200,000 casualties |
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| leader of Arab nationalists in 1916 who declared a revolt against Ottoman rule |
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| leader of Arab nationalists in 1916 who declared a revolt against Ottoman rule |
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| T.E. Lawrence; "Lawrence of Arabia" |
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| British Colonel who supported the Arab revolt and used guerrilla raids against the Turks ; the Ottoman impire lost much land to the Arabs, including Baghdad |
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| Ottoman city lost to the Arab raid with help from T.E. Lawrence |
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| British soldier and poet of "Suicide in the Trenches" wrote "you smug-faced crowds with kindling eye who cheer when soldier lads march by, sneak home and pray you'll never know the hell where youth and laughter go." |
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| the channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort |
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| "the draft" which required all young men to be ready for military or other service; all warring nations except Britain imposed it |
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| the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause; both sides used as a form of war |
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| horrible acts against innocent people |
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| "Hymn of Hate" by Ernst Lissauer |
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| "Hate by water and hate by land; Hate of the head and hate of the hand; We love as one, we hate as one; We have one foe and one alone - ENGLAND!" |
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| British group of women that went to the fields to grow their nation's food |
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| English nurse who described "stopping hemorrhages, replacing intestines, and draining and reinserting innumerable rubber tubes with gruesome human remains heaped on the floor" |
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| English nurse who was in charge of a hospital in Belgium; helped Allied soldiers escape to the Netherlands; was arrested by Germans and faced the firing squad and said "standing as i do in view of God and Eternity, I realize that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness toward anyone." |
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| brought down the Russian monarchy and helped cause the Russian Revolution |
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| czar in Russia in 1918 who promised to pull Russian troops out of the war |
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| between Russia and Germany ending Russian participation in WWI in early 1918 by czar V.I. Lenin |
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| president of the US in 1917 who thought Americans had right to safe travel overseas; put US in war; believed in the Fourteen Points system |
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| British liner that was bombed by Germany killing 1200 people ; led to US involvement in war |
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| German foreign minister who sent a message to his ambassador in Mexico promising that if Mexico supported Germany, Germany would help take over the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona; British intercepted letter and shared it with the US |
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| a list of Wilson's terms for resolving the war and future wars - included nosecret treaties, freedom of seas, free trade, reduction of arms, and self-determination, and a general association of nations to keep peace in future |
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| the right of people to choose their own forms of government |
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| agreement to end fighting |
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| time of armistice to end the Great War |
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| confrence of Allies in France to discuss resolvement of issues in the war |
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| the spread of a disease across an entire country, continent, or the whole world |
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| disease that spread through whole world in a pandemic in 1918 |
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| payments for war damage which were put on Germany |
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| British prime minister at the Paris Peace Conference who knew that his people wanted a harsh treatment for Germany and promised to build a postwar Britain "fit for heroes" that would cost much money |
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| Georges Clemenceau "The Tiger" |
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French leader at the Paris Peace Conference who had a fierce anti-Germany war policy; his goal was to weaken Germany so it could never threaten France;
Said "Mr. Wilson bores me with his Fourteen Points, why, God Almighty has only ten!" |
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| nickname for Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, and Clemenceau at the Paris Peace Confrence |
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| Wilson's main demand in his Fourteen Points that was an internationl group based on collective security |
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| June 1919 treaty that put all blame and reparations on Germany that was signed by all warring nations --- helped spark WWII |
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| a system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all |
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| Czechoslovakea, Austria, and Hungary; Yugoslavia |
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| three new republics after the war that replaced the old Hapsburg heartland; and one new South Slav state dominated by Serbia |
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| Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia |
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| three Baltic states created after the war where the German, Austrian, and Rusian empires had ruled |
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| country that regained independence after 100 years of foreign rule after the war |
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| territories administered by western powers that were supposed to be held and modernized until they were able to stand alone, but actually just ened up as European colonies |
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