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| A black meteorite in the city of Mecca that became Islam’s holiest shrine |
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| Troubled by the idolatry, worldliness, and lack of self conscience. Felt called by God to "rise and warn" the Arabs about their disregard. Recieved revelations from Gabriel |
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| Meaning “a reciting.” The Islamic bible, which Muslims believe God revealed to the prophet Muhammad. |
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| Means "submission." The religion founded by the prophet Muhammad. |
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| The flight of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. It marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. |
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| The pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are instructed to perform at least once in their lifetime. |
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| True line of sucession from Muhammad |
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| Shadda-No God but Allah, Salat-Prayer, Sawn-Ramadan fasting, Zakat-alms, Hajj-pilgrimage. |
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| “Struggle in the path of God.” Means holy war in the name of Islam without necessarily implying violence. |
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| An Islamic military commander |
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| “Persons with correct knowledge.” The Islamic scholarly elite who served a social function similar to the Christian clergy. |
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| The minority of Muslims who trace their beliefs from the caliph Ali who was assassinated in 661 CE. |
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| Meaning “tradition.” The followers of the dominant Islamic group, Sunna. |
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| Slave soldiers who converted to Islam, the mamluks eventually became a powerful military caste and even governed Egypt from 1250 to 1517. |
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| Ruled from Baghdad. The Arab dominanence replaced by Eastern, especially Persian, influence. Leaders of slave soldiers gained power. Splendid court left rich cultural legacy. |
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| Rulers who have almost complete sovereignty over a certain domain without claiming the title of caliph. |
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