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| Portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as HR, digestion, and peristalsis. |
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| Flat, leaf-shaped structure that comprises the valves of the heart and prevents backflow of blood |
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| Tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube |
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| Backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening |
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| Circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulate passage of substance through its opening |
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| Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes |
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| Widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls |
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| state of being sticky or gummy |
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| vessel (usually blood or lymph) |
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| hardening; sclera (white of eye) |
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| vessel; vas deferens; duct |
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| ventricle (of the heart or brain) |
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| Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery |
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| Mild to severe suffocating pain that typically occurs in the chest and is caused by an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium; also angina pectoris |
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| Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia |
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| Arrhythmia in which the heart beats abnormally slowly, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult |
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| Arrhythmia in which there is an abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles |
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| Arrhythmia in which there is interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers |
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| Arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/min |
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| Hardening and narrowing of an artery along with the loss of its elasticity |
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| Form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposit of plaque containing cholesterol and lipids that narrows the lumen in the arteries |
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| Narrowing of the carotid arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis; may eventually lead to thrombus formation and stroke |
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| Soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, associated valvular action or with the movement of blood is it passes an obstruction or both ; also called murmur |
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| Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function |
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| Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta |
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| Condition in which a mass (commonly a blood clot) becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow |
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| Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood |
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| Elevated blood pressure persistently high than 140/90 mm Hg |
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| Low blood pressure persistently below 90/60 mm Hg |
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| Localized tissue necrosis due to the cessation of blood supply. |
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| Local, temporary deficiency of blood supply to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction |
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| Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood |
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| Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter |
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| Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly in the legs) |
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| Partial or complete loss of consciousness that is usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting |
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| Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation |
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| Blood clot that form in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs; also called deep venous thrombosis |
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| Electrical shock delivered randomly during the cardiac cycle to treat emergency life-threatening arrhythmias |
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| Defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat an arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachy), and is usually synchronized with the large R waves of the ECG complex to restore normal heart rhythm |
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| injection of a chemical irritant (sclerosing agent) into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein |
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| Destruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters, such as tissue plasminogen activator |
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| Any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowing blood vessels and restores forward blood flow |
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| Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
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| Angioplasty of the coronary arteries in which a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the right femoral artery and threaded to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore forward blood flow |
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| Removal of a segment of an arterial vessel wall to confirm inflammation of the wall or arteritis, a type of vasculitis |
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| Treatment for cardiac arrhythmias; usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance |
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| Surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their points of contract (commissures) |
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| Coronary Artery Bypass Graft |
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| Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle |
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| Removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specially deigned catheter fitting with a cutting or grinding device. |
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| automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) insertion |
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| Implantation of a battery-powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death;also called implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) |
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| Procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins |
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| Surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart-lung machine |
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| Placement of a mesh tube inserted into a natural passage or conduit in the body to prevent or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction |
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| Incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis |
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| Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart |
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| Procedure used to determine the cause of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias by mapping the heart's conduction system in a patient with an arrhythmia |
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| Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs |
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| ECG taken with a small, portable recording system capable of storing up to 48 hours of ECG tracings; also called event monitor test |
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| ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions |
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| Blood test that measures the presence and amount of cardiac enzymes in the blood, including troponin T, troponin I, and creatine kinase |
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| Series of blood clots (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease |
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| Radiographic image (angiogram) of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium; also called arteriography |
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| Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium |
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| Angiography that is used to determine the degree of a stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart |
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| Specialized MRI that provides information on both static and moving images of the heart, including blood flow and velocity |
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| Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) |
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| Type of MRI scan that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to provide detailed images of blood vessels |
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| Multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan |
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| Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract and calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction) |
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| Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) |
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| MUGA scan of the heart in which the gamma camera moves in a circle around the pt to create individual images as "slices" of the heart |
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| Test used in conjunction with a stress test to detect the presence of coronary artery disease that is causing partial obstruction of the coronary arteries; also called thallium scan cardiolite scan |
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| US used to assess blood flow through blood vessels and the heart |
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| US that is used to visualize internal cardiac structures, produce images of the heart, and assess cardiac output |
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| Radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, indicating an obstruction |
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