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| a civilization that arose about 800 BCE. They formed a military ruling class, and dominated the native people that they had robbed. They established trade with the Greeks and North Africa. |
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| “the power to command” The Right of Roman Kings to issues commands and enforce them, by fines, arrests, and physical punishment. |
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| the hereditary upper class of early Republican Rome. |
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| the hereditary lower class of early Republican Rome. |
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| the first attempt to codify Rome’s harsh customs. Published in 450 BCE. |
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| Roman officials who had to be plebeians and were elected by the plebian assembly to protect plebeians from the arbitrary power of the magistrates. |
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| Three wars between Rome and Carthage for dominance of the western Mediterranean that were fought from 264 to 146 BCE. |
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| Carthaginian general, an merciless and terrifying enemy of Rome. Although knowledge of him is based primarily on the reports of his enemies, Hannibal appears to have been both just and merciful. He is renowned for his tactical genius. |
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| A Roman statesman. He showed an intense devotion to the principles of the early republic. He had one of the greatest reputations for honesty and incorruptibility of any man in ancient times. |
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| Known for his Latin literature. He was the greatest Roman orator and was also a politician and philosopher |
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| Idealistic reformers. Concentrated on land reform. They learned that popular support wasn’t always sufficient. |
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| Marius opened the military to the volunteers without property, so the professional army was less loyal to the state. Sulla seized Rome and weakened the Republic by civil wars. |
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| Well rounded in oratory, politics, and military. He conquered all of Gaul in the 50’s, and gained fame, wealth, experience and loyal veterans. |
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| The grandnephew of Caesar. Part of the Second Triumvirate, which was an alliance that was dedicated to punishing Caesar’s assassins. He gained control of the western part of the empire. Emerged in control of the Mediterranean world. |
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| The most important Augustan poet. His greatest work was the Aeneid, which was a long epic that link the history of Rome with the Homeric tradition of the Greeks. Celebrated the peace and prosperity Augustus established for the empire and supported the program for the revival of traditional Roman virtues. |
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| the cults of Isis, Mithras, and Osiris, which promised salvation to those initiated into the secret or “mystery” of their rituals. |
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| had an excellent Helllenistic education and held a Roman citizenship. He was a Pharisee, which was a strict follower of the Jewish law. |
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| Means “universal.” The body of belief held by most Christians enshrined within the church. |
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| a man of undistinguished birth who rose to the throne through the army. He believed the job of defending and governing the entire empire was too great for one man. Devised a tetrarchy: four men- two emperors and two assistants. |
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| Diocletin’s successor. He ascended as the sole ruler and transformed Christianity’s prospects. He provided generous support for the church and encouraged widespread conversion. |
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| Blending of fusion of different systems of religious of philosophical beliefs. |
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| The belief formulated by Arius of Alexandria that Jesus was a created being, neither fully man nor fully God, but something in between. |
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| A statement of Christian belief, formulated by the council of Christian bishops at Nicea in 324 CE, that rejected Arianism in favor of the doctrine that Christ is both fully human and fully divine. |
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| had a superb classical education, and used his linguistic skills to create the Vulgate, which was a revised version of the Bible in Latin. |
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| attempted to develop a Christian theory of history as a working out of God’s will in his work Ecclesiastical History. |
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| A theologian and the bishop of Hippo in North Africa. He was skilled in pagan rhetoric and philosophy, and was a defender of Christianity. |
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