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| the extracellular fluid in most tissues is called |
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Definition
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| the outer boundary of the cell is the cell membrane, which is also called the |
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Definition
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| three functions of the cell membrane are |
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Definition
| physical isolation, regulation & exchange, sensitivity |
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| the cell membrane is called a _____ because the phospholipid molecules in it form two layers |
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| ions and other small water-soluable materials can cross the membrane only by passions through |
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| organelles are not completely enclosed by membranes, and all of their components are in direct contact with the cytoplasm |
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Definition
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| organelles are isolated from the cytosol by phospholipid membranes, just as the cell membrane isolates the cytosol from teh extracellular fluid |
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| the cells non membranous organelles include the |
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Definition
| cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribsomes and proteasomes |
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Term
| name the 6 membranous organelles of a cell |
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Definition
| endoplasmic, reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes and mitochondria (also nucleus) |
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Term
| the _____ of all cells includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
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Definition
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Term
| typical microfilaments are composed of the protein |
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Definition
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| anchor the cytoskeleton to the intergral proteins of the cell membrane |
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Definition
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| all our cells contain microtubules, hollow tubes built from the globular protein ______ |
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| during cell division, microtubules for the _____ ______, which distributes the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell. |
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| all animal cells capable of undergoing cell division contain a pair of ________, cylindrical structures composed of short microtubes. |
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| organelles that are responsible for protein synthesis. components are formed in the _____ |
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Definition
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| the _____ _____ _____ has a variety of functions all associated with the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates |
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Definition
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| functions as a combination workshop and shipping depot. it is where many newly synthesized proteins undergo chemical modification and where they are packaged for export to their next destination, the golgi apparatus. |
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Definition
| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| what are the three major functions of the golgi apparatus? |
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Definition
| 1) modifies and packages secretion, such as hormones or exnymes for release through exocytosis. 2) it renews or modifies the cell membrane. 3) it packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in the cytosol |
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Term
| functions in the defense against disease. have the capacity of total cell destruction if ruptured. |
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Definition
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| produces 95% of ATP production through aerobic respiration, which is required for cell activity and called the powerhouse of the cell |
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| detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and other harmful substances |
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Term
| the ____ has 46 chromosomes - made of dna molecules (23 pair) and contains nucleolus and chromatin, nucleoplasm. |
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Definition
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| the ______ contains ions, enzymes, rna, and dna nucleotides, small amounts of rna & dna. |
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Definition
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Term
| dna in the nucleus stores the instructions for protein synthesis and this dna is organized into structured called |
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Definition
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| a _____ is the functional unit of heredity; it contains all the dna triplets needed to produce specific proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| picks up coded message; rna leaves the nucleolus, starts in the nucleus. the rna picks up the chemical coded message from the dna |
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Definition
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Term
| rna leaves the nucleus with coded message - rna travels to the ribosomes, at the ribosome, rna gives the message (messenger rna or mrna). The ribosome takes the message & begin to manufacture protein. the process of interpreting the message is called |
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Definition
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Term
| located in the nucleus. produces rna. a dark staining area within the nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| is the assembing of functional polypeptides in the cytoplasm. occurs through translation, the formation of a linear chain of amino acids, using the information provided by an mrna strand. |
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Definition
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Term
| the _____ ______ are provided by transfer rna (trna) a relatively small and mobile type of rna |
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Definition
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Term
| name three characteristics of osmosis |
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Definition
| 1) is the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane. 2) occurs across a selectively permable membrane that is freely permeable to water but not freely permeable to solutes. 3) water will flow across a member towards the solution that has the higher concentration of solutes, because theat is where the concentration of water is lowest |
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Term
| if a blood cell is in a ______ solution, water will flow into the cell, causing it to swell up like a baloon. |
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Definition
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Term
| if a cell reptures releasing its contents, the event is |
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Definition
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Term
| a cell in a ______ solution will lose water by osmosis. As it does it will shrivel and dehydrate. |
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Definition
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Term
| the shrinking of red blood cells is called |
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Definition
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Term
| many essential nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, are insoluble in lipids and too large to fit through membrane channels. these substances can be passively transported across the membrane by carrier proteins in a process called |
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Definition
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Term
| In _____ ______ a high energy bond provides the energy needed to move ions or molecules across the membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| homeostasis within the cell depends on the ejection of sodium ions and the recapture of lost potassium. this exchange is accomplished through the activity of a |
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Definition
| sodium - potassium exchange pump |
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Term
| movement into the cell involves relatively large volumes of extra cellular material and requires energy in the form of atp. |
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Definition
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Term
| list the three major types of endocytosis |
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Definition
| receptor - mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis & phagocytosis |
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Term
| cell eating, produces phagosomes containing solid objects that may be as large as the cell itself. |
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Definition
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Term
| ejection of material from cell |
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Definition
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Term
| during this phase a cell performs al its normal functions and if necessary prepares for cell division - longest phase |
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Definition
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Term
| part of interphase - the cell duplicates its chromosomes. this involves dna replication and the synthesis of histones and other proteins in the nucleus. the goal of dna replication is to copy the genetic information in the nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| the stage of cell reproduction is called |
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Definition
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Term
| list the 4 stages of mitosis |
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Definition
| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase |
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Term
| paired chromatids, cell is duplicating. chromosomes coild tightly |
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Definition
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Term
| chromatids move to the central zone called the metaphase plate |
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Definition
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Term
| paired chromatids are seperated and the two daighter chromosomes are now pulled toward opposite ends of the cell along the chromosomal microtubules |
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Definition
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Term
| nuclear region pinches in half. each new cell prepares to return to the interphase state. nuclear membranes form, the nuclei enlarge and the chromosomes gradually uncoil. |
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Definition
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Term
| cell pinches at membrane to form two cells. also division of cytoplasmic mass. cell is duplicating & begins the telephase. two daughter cells exist. |
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Definition
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Term
| paired cylindrical bodies lie at 90 degree angles from each other, close to the nucleus. direct formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division. |
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Definition
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Term
| a dispersion of malignant cells that may travel to distant tissues and organs and establish secondary tumors |
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Definition
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Term
| a specialization process that occurs when a gene is functionally eliminated and the cell loses the ability to create a particular protien and thus perform any functions involving that protein. each time another gene switches off; the cell's funtional abilities become more restricted. |
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