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Definition
| The specific area on an enzyme that connects with a substrate to cause a chemical reaction |
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Definition
| The process that moves ions or molecules across the cell memrane and against the concentration gradient; requires energy |
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Definition
| Amoeba-like movement accomplished by the extension of pseudopodia to create a streaming movement of cytoplasm |
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Definition
| The phase of mitosis when the daughter chromosomes begin to migrate to their respective centrioles, away from the center of the dividing cell. |
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Definition
| A negatively charged atom or molecule; a negatively charged ion |
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Definition
| The triplet pair of nucleotides in tRNA that correspond to the triplet bases or codons of mRNA |
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Definition
| When two separate materials are moved across the plasma membrane in opposite directions at the same time |
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Definition
| An abnormal condition in which an excessive amount of fluid accumulation is present in the abdominal cavity. Abdominal distension or a potbellied appearance can be clinically evident |
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Definition
| The self digestion of tissues or cells by enzymes that are released by their own lysosomes. |
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Definition
| Refers to a pair of tubular structures. Each one is composed of nine microtubules surrounding another pair of microtubules |
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Definition
| Any protein that facilitates diffusion of a specific molecule through the cell membrane. |
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Definition
| An enzyme found in almost all cells that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen |
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| Cell-mediated immune response |
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Definition
| Response of the body's cells to regulate the destruction of infectious bacteria and viruses during specific immune responses |
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Definition
| A tubular organelle composed of nine triplets of microtubules that aids in the process of cell division. They split in two and migrate to opposite poles of a dividing cell to organize the spindle fibers, enabling the cell to divide in two. |
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Definition
| Also called a kinetochore; the protein disk that holds a pair of chromatids together as a chromosome and then holds that chromosome to a spindle fiber during cell division |
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Definition
| The specific interaction of hormones and neurotransmitters with cell surfaces for the purpose of changing cell activity |
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Definition
| A steroid alcohol that is found in many fat-based tissues throughout the body. Can be synthesized in the body or obtained through diet. |
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Definition
| Strands of genetic material that, when joined together with another chromatid by a centromere, form a chromosome |
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Definition
| A material that is composed of DNA and proteins and makes up chromosomes |
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Definition
| Threadlike accumulations of DNA in the nuclei of cells that are particularly visible during mitosis. The DNA of these contains the genetic material of the cell. The number is constant within a given species |
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Definition
| Hairlike processes of the luminal surface of cells that assist in the movement of mucus, fluid, and solid material across the cell surface |
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Definition
| Reservoirs that store fluids |
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Definition
| Parts of the cell membrane that have a hairlike coating necessary for endocytic functions. These portions of the cell membrane pinch off to form vesicles that aid in the intracellular transport of materials |
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Definition
| The genetic code of an amino acid expressed in DNA or messenger RNA as three bases |
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Definition
| Cell-to-cell recognition, which is important in immune responses to infection |
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Definition
| That property that inhibits cells from dividing when in proximity to other cells. |
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Definition
| The folds within the mitochondria that increase ATP output by increasing the number of surface area reaction sites |
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Definition
| The part of the cell's protoplasm that is located outside of the nuclear envelope |
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Definition
| The active transport of materials into or out of the cell. The transported material is bound by a membrane |
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Definition
| The fluid component of protoplasm that acts as its base |
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Definition
| The progressive acquisition of individual characteristics by cells to enable them to perform different functions |
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Definition
| The tendency for molecules to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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Term
| Endoplasmic reticulum (rough) |
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Definition
| A system of channels within the cell that run from the nucleus to the exterior cell membrane. This version is the site for protein synthesis. |
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Term
| Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth) |
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Definition
| A system of channels within the cell that run from the nucleus to the exterior cell membrane. This version is the site for lipid synthesis. |
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Definition
| The passage of materials too large to diffuse through the cell membrane by packaging them in vesicles, transporting them to the cell membrane and then pressing them out of the cell. |
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Definition
| Spaces of a gene's DNA sequence that are coded. Separated by noncoded portions, called introns, which are spliced out to join these together to form messenger RNA |
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Definition
| The diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane with the aid of carrier proteins. This reaction is otherwise unable to be performed as simple diffusion, and it requires no energy or ATP. |
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Definition
| The passage of a fluid by pressure through a semipermeable membrane that allows the liquid portion to pass through but not cells and large molecules such as protein |
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Definition
| The primary means of motility for spermatozoa and unicellular organisms. This threadlike tail propels the organism by means of a whiplike movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that contain an odd number of electrons, making the highly reactive with other molecules. They bond to other molecules in the body, creating a new one that often causes a chain reaction of these formations |
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Term
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Definition
| The unique order of pyrimidine- and purine-based nucleotides that govern the arrangement and transmission of genetic information in all living things, with the exception of RNA-based viruses |
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Definition
| Complex proteins bearing a spherical shape |
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Definition
| A compound composed of a carbohydrate, usually in the form of sugar, and a fatty acid together in a compound |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound composed of a carbohydrate, usually in the form of a sugar, and a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| An organelle located near the nucleus that is shaped like sacs that are stacked and flattened at the ends. It is believed to be involved in the synthesis of glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and enyzmes |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of interphase where the cell enlarges and organelles replicate over time, which varies between cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of interphase where enzymes and proteins are synthesized and the centrioles complete their replication |
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Term
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Definition
| A globular protein found in the cellular nucleus that connects with nucleic acid to form nucleoproteins, forms a complex with DNA in chromatin and acts as regulators of gene activity |
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Definition
| The force that propels a liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| When the concentration of particles in solution is higher outside of the cell, this causes water to move from the inside to the outside of the cell to attain equilibrium. In this way, the cell shrivels and becomes crenated. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the concentration of a solution outside the cell is lower that it is on the inside of the cell, water will tend to flow into the cell toward the higher concentration. This causes swelling and possible rupture of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The temporary component of the cell that is lifeless, having been brought into the cell via phagocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The proteins located within the lipid bilayer that create channels that aid in the selective permeability of the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin filaments that provide the structural support for certain membrane junctions. They are especially important in tissue that needs to flex |
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Definition
| The period between cell divisions during which all normal growth and functions occur |
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Definition
| All fluid contained within the tissue, except for the fluid found within lymph and blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| Spaces between coded exons of a gene's DNA sequence that do not contain codes |
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Definition
| Equal tension present on both sides of the cell membrane |
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Definition
| Small molecules that bond to larger chemical groups or molecules |
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Definition
| An organelle that fights pathogens, repairs damaged tissues, and aids in intracellular digestion by engulfing materials with its membrane-bound vesicle bodies. It contains the digestive enzymes that help destroy microorganisms that have been phagocytized by the neutrphil |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference in voltage that exists on either side of a cell membrane caused by the different concentrations of positive and negative charges |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the main components of protein synthesis; transfers the specific amino acid sequence of the genetic code of DNA to the cytoplasm, where protein is synthesized |
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Term
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Definition
| The phase of mitosis when the newly formed chromosomes align on a medial plane or "equator" between the two centrioles located at either end of the dividing cell |
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Term
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Definition
| During metaphase, it is the site where chromosomes line up and are evenly distributed |
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Term
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Definition
| Closely associated with microtubules, these submicroscopic structures are found in most cells and are composed mostly of actin |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiny, hollow, tubelike structures that aid certain cells with rigidity and transportation, also forms the spindle fibers in the process of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Intracellular organells. which are the primary sources of ATP formation for aerobic cell respiration. Contain DNA and RNA, making the mitochondria capable of their own protein synthesis and replication |
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Term
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Definition
| An agent that can create a transmissibly genetic change in an organism's DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Pores that transverse through both layers of the nuclear envelope, allowing the inflow of protein molecules and the outflow of RNA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| A double-layered membrane made of lipids that surround the lnucleus and separates the innter nucleoplasm from the outer cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| The dark, spherical object contained within the nucleus that is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis. Are composed of DNA, RNA, and protein. Each cell's nucleus may have more than one nucleolus |
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Term
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Definition
| The gelatinous substance that is the protoplasm of the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| The combination of phosphoric acid, pentose sugars, and pyrimidine or purine bases that make up nucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the cell that contains DNA and aids in several body functions, including reproduction, metabolism, and growth |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between the osmotic pressure of blood and the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid or lymph |
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Term
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Definition
| The passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the water concentration is lower. |
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Term
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Definition
| The force of fluid moving from one side of a semipermeable membrane to the other side because of differences in solute concentrations on the two sides of the membrane. Under this pressure, fluid moves from the side of the membrane with lower solute concentration to the side with higher solute concentration in an attempt to equalize the concentrations on both sides of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| The space between the internal and external layers of the nuclear envelope |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins located on the inside of the cell's lipid bilayer that have enzymatic capabilities. These proteins are less mobile than integral proteins because they are attached directly to the cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| A catalyst enzyme that converts free radicals into hydrogen peroxide, a function that is essential for cellular repiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in high numbers in the kidney and liver cells of most vertebrate animals, this single-membraned vesicle detoxifies the body by releasing catalase and other enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| The eating of a solid material by a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Ingestion of microorganisms by phagocytic cells (neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages) |
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Term
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Definition
| The vesicle formed by phagocytosis, which contains material to be digested |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule composed of three parts: phosphorus, fatty acids, and a nitrogenous base. Main component of the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| The engulfing of a liquid material through endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| The selectively permeable outer membrane of the cell that is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, protein, and cholesterol. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small protein based particle that is both infectious and resilient yet not a living pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| Codes within the DNA sequence that indicate where RNA synthesis should begin |
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Term
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Definition
| The phase during mitotic division when chromatin becomes visible and organizes into chromosomes by joining two strands by a centromere. The nuclear envelope and the nucleoli also disappear, and the centrioles divide and replicate, traveling to either "pole" of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The viscous fluid found within a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| "False foot," the temporary extension of the cell's membrane and cytoplasm either for locomotion or engulfing of nourishment |
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Definition
| An enzyme that aids in transcription by converting DNA base sequences into RNA base sequences |
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Definition
| A very specialized endocytosis that only allows the cell to incorporate those materials that have protein receptor sites specifically for that material on the cell |
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Term
| Resting membrane potentials |
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Definition
| The electrical charge of some cells at rest caused by differing concentrations of ions inside and outside of the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the main components of ribosomes; aids in protein synthesis and the combination of amino acids to create protein molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| An organelle composed of ribonucleic acid; located on the rough endoplasmic reticulum or suspended in the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA protein complexes that remove noncoded introns from messenger RNA and splice together the coded exons to create a complete and identical copy of the DNA gene |
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Term
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Definition
| The structure that during mitosis connects to the centromeres of the chromosomes for the purpose of division |
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Term
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Definition
| Visible during the metaphase stage of cell division, the fusiform structure is made up from the microtubules that extend from the centrosomes. These fibers aid in mitosis by connecting to the cell's chromosomes at their centromeres, creating the pull necessary to divide them |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized areas in the nucleus created by small ribonucleic proteins that remove noncoded introns from messenger RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A system in which all of the substances are moved in the same direction |
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Term
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Definition
| The period spent by the cell in preparation for cell division, in which the cell begins to replicate and synthesize DNA in preparation for cellular division |
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Term
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Definition
| The phase of mitosis when the daughter chromosomes return to being long-fiber chromatids, the nuclear envelope and nucleoli reappear, and the cell has completed its formation into two completely independent daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Codes within the RNA sequence that indicate where RNA synthesis should end |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin filaments that provide the structural support for certain membrane junctions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of transcribing the genetic code from DNA and RNA through protein synthesis using messenger RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of RNA that transfers amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. Each of the twenty amino acids has its own specific type of these, which places it in the appropriate order for the specific type of protein being synthesized. Its nucleotides or anticodons base pair with mRNA's codon triplets to accomplish the proccess. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to the process of protein synthesis using messenger RNA to transfer genetic information in the form of nucleotides into amino acid form. This process occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein present in the microtubules that gives support to the microtubule and also aids in the motility of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| A clear space in the cytoplasm of a cell; it is surrounded by by cell membrane. Phagocytized microorganisms are found in vacuoles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small sac that contains fluid |
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