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| developed from Robert Hooke's research |
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| smallest units that perform all vital psychological functions |
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| building blocks of all plants and animals |
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| female sex cell (develops into an egg) |
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| all body cells except sex cells |
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| extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid) |
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| watery medium surrounding cell (high sodium/low potassium) |
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| plasma membrane (cell membrane) |
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| separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid |
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| lipids, proteins and carbohydrates |
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| plasma membranes are made up of ____,_____ and ______. |
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| where are integral (transmembrane) proteins found? |
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| bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane |
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| where are peripheral proteins found? |
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| attach to inside or outside structures (stabilizers) |
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| label cells as normal or abnormal (identifiers) |
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| bind and respond to ligands (ions, hormones) |
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| transports specific solutes through membrane |
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| regulate water flow and solutes through membrane |
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| structures with specific functions |
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| all materials inside cell and outside of nucleus |
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| non membranous organelles |
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| no membrane, directort contact w/ cytosol |
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| non membranous organelles |
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| cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, and ribosomes |
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| covered w/ plasma membrane, isolated from cytosol |
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| endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria |
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| structural proteins for shape and strength |
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| composed of protein actin |
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| composed of protein myosin |
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| thin and thick microfilaments work together in reference to __________ |
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| mid-sized between microfilaments and thick filaments |
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| large, hollow tubes of tunulin protein |
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| extension of membrane, increase surface area for absorbtion and attaches to cytoskeleon |
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| ______form spindle apparatus during cell division |
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| cytoplasm surround centriole |
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| hairlike extensions of membrane (moves materials across cell surface) |
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| build polypeptides in protein synthesis |
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| uses direction in mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins |
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| free ribosomes found in ______ |
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| fixed ribosomes attached to the _____ |
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| synthesis (builds) proteins, carbs and lipids |
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| storage of synthesized molecules and materials |
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| detoxifies drugs or toxins |
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| system of flattened sacs (cistern) |
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| modifies and packages secretion (hormones/enzymes) |
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| renew/modifies plasma membrane |
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| packages special enzymes w/ vesicles for us in cytoplasm |
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| vesicles filled w/ digestive enzymes responsible for digestion of foreign material |
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| clean up inside cells and autolysis |
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| break down large molecules, attack bacteria, recycle damaged organelle, eject wastes by exocytosis |
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| How do lysosomes clean up inside cells? |
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| self-destruction of damaged cells |
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| have smooth outer membrane and inner membrane w/ numerous folds (christie) |
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| produces the energy molecule ATP |
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| mitochondrial energy production |
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| uses oxygen to break down food and produce ATP |
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| glucose to pyretic acid (in cytosol) |
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| pyretic acid to CO2 (in matrix) |
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| inner mitochondrial membrane |
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| largest organelle, cells control center |
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| double membrane around nucleus |
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| between two layers of nuclear envelope |
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| communication passages in the nucleus |
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| all information to build and run organisms |
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| fluid contents of the nucleus |
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| network of fine filaments that provides structural support |
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| dark-staining areas where ribosomes are produced |
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| DNA coiled around histones |
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| loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing) |
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| tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing) |
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| instructions for every protein in the body |
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| DNA instructions for one protein |
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| chemical language of DNA instructions (A,T,C,G) |
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| copies instructions from DNA to mRNA,RNA polymerase produces mRNA, mRNA migrates |
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| steps from mRNA to poly peptide chain |
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| ribosomes reads code from mRNA, tRNA delivers amino acids to ribosomes, assembles amino acids into polypeptide chains |
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| RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and golgi produces protein |
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| transport that requires energy and ATP |
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| transport that does not require energy |
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| is diffusion active or passive transport |
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| materials that diffuse directly through the plasma membrane |
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| channel-mediated diffusion |
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| water-soluble compounds and ions need protein channel to get through |
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| the force of a concentration gradient of water |
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| number osmoles/liter of solution |
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| ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure within the cell |
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| a solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in and out of a cell |
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| has LESS solutes and LOSES water through osmosis |
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| has MORE solutes and GAINS water by osmosis |
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| a cell in a hypotonic solution will: |
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| a cell in a hypertonic solution will: |
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| rupturing of red blood cells |
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| shrinking of red blood cells |
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| carrier-mediated transport |
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| intergral proteins bind specific ions or organic substrates and carry them across the plasma membrane |
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| solutes bind to a specific receptor site on carrier protein |
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| facilitated diffusion and active transport |
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| types of carrier mediated transport |
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| two substances move in the same direction at the same time |
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| one substance moves in while another moves out |
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| carrier proteins transport molecules too large to fit through channel proteins |
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| counter transports two ions at the same time |
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| moves substrates against concentration gradient |
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| sodium-potassium exchange pump |
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| sodium ions out, potassium ions in |
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| sodium potassium exchange pump |
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| 1 ATP moves 3 Na+ and 2 K |
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| vesicular transport (bulk transport) |
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| materials move into or out of cells in vesicles |
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| active transport using ATP |
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| receptor mediated, pinocytosis and phagocytosis |
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| 3 major types of endocytosis |
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| granules or droplets are released from the cell |
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| unequal charge across the plasma membrane |
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| potential difference across a plasma membrane |
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| the transmembrane potential in an undisturbed cell is called the ____________ |
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| most of a cell's life is spent in a non dividing state called |
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| DNA replication, mitosis and cytokinesis |
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| what are the 3 stages of body (somatic) cells dividing? |
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| duplicates genetic material exactly |
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| divides genetic material equally |
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| divides cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells |
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| promotes bonding between the nitrogenous bases of DNA |
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| links the nucleotides by covalent bonds |
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| pieces together sections of DNA during DNA replication |
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| specialized cell functions only |
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| cell growth, organelle duplication, protein synthesis |
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| DNA replication and histone synthesis |
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| finishes protein synthesis and centriole replication |
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| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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| centriole pairs move to cell poles |
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| microtubules extend between centriole pairs |
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| nuclear envelope disappears |
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| spindle fiber attach to kinetochore |
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| protein bound area of the centromere |
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| chromosomes align in a central (middle) plate |
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| microtubules pull chromosomes apart |
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| daughter chromosomes group near centrioles |
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| nuclear membranes re-form |
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| cell has two complete nuclei |
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| division of the cytoplasm |
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