Term
|
Definition
| Total water content declines throughout life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Healthy males are about 60% water; healthy females are around 50%
This difference reflects females’:
Higher body fat and
Smaller amount of skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| Intracellular fluid (ICF) Extracellular fluid (ECF) |
|
Definition
| Water occupies two main fluid compartments |
|
|
Term
| Intracellular fluid (ICF) |
|
Definition
| about two thirds by volume, contained in cells |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular fluid (ECF) |
|
Definition
consists of two major subdivisions
Plasma – the fluid portion of the blood
Interstitial fluid (IF) – fluid in spaces between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – PERI AND ENDO lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, AQUEOUS VISCOUS eye humors, synovial fluid, serous fluid, and gastrointestinal secretions |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular fluid (ECF) |
|
Definition
| Interstitial fluid, plasma, and other body fluids |
|
|
Term
| Intracellular fluid (ICF) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of water gained each day equals the amount lost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ion gain each day equals the ion loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| H+ gain is offset by their loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inorganic salts,
all acids and bases,
and some proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
examples include
glucose,
lipids,
creatinine,
and urea |
|
|
Term
| Which has greater osmotic power electrolytes or nonelectrolytes? |
|
Definition
| Electrolytes have GREATER osmotic power than nonelectrolytes |
|
|
Term
| What does water move according to? |
|
Definition
| Water moves according to OSMOTIC GRADIENTS! |
|
|
Term
ECF Major components
and Minor components |
|
Definition
MAJOR components include the interstitial fluid and plasma
MINOR components include all other ECF |
|
|
Term
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
Definition
| Stimulates water conservation and the thirst center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Controls Na+ absorption and K+ loss along the DCT |
|
|
Term
| Natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) |
|
Definition
| Reduce thirst and block the release of ADH and aldosterone |
|
|
Term
Extracellular & Intracellular Fluids
pattern of electrolytes |
|
Definition
| Each fluid compartment of the body has a distinctive pattern of electrolytes |
|
|
Term
Extracellular fluids
Na+ Cl- |
|
Definition
-(All similar except for the high protein content of plasma)
-Sodium (Na+) is the chief cation
-Chloride (Cl-) is the major anion |
|
|
Term
Intracellular fluids
K+ PO3− Proteins |
|
Definition
-(Low sodium and chloride)
-Potassium (K+) is the chief cation
-Phosphate is the chief anion & Proteins |
|
|
Term
| Cations & Anions in Body Fluids; Sodium and potassium |
|
Definition
| ______ ______concentrations in extra- and intracellular fluids are nearly opposites |
|
|
Term
| Sodium and potassium concentrations in extra- and intracellular fluids are nearly opposites |
|
Definition
| This reflects the activity of cellular ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pumps |
|
|
Term
| What determines the chemical and physical reactions of fluids? |
|
Definition
| Electrolytes determine the chemical and physical reactions of fluids |
|
|
Term
Fluid Movement
Compartmental exchange regulated by |
|
Definition
| Compartmental exchange is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures |
|
|
Term
Fluid Movement
What picks up leakage of fluid from the blood? |
|
Definition
| Net leakage of fluid from the blood is picked up by lymphatic vessels and returned to the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
Fluid movements
selective permeability, cellular membranes |
|
Definition
| Exchanges between interstitial and intracellular fluids are complex due to the ____ of the ______ |
|
|
Term
Fluid Movement
Two-way water flow is substantial |
|
Definition
| Movement of water between the interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid involves substantial two-way osmotic flow that is equal in both directions. |
|
|
Term
| Different mechanisms regulate fluid and electrolyte balance |
|
Definition
| This distinction is vital in the clinical setting |
|
|
Term
| Ion fluxes _____& move _____ by active transport |
|
Definition
| Ion fluxes are [b]restricted[/b] & move [b]selectively[/b] by active transport |
|
|
Term
| Movement of Nutrients, respiratory gases, & wastes |
|
Definition
| Nutrients, respiratory gases, & wastes move unidirectionally |
|
|
Term
| What is the only fluid that circulates throughout the body and links external & internal environments? |
|
Definition
| Plasma is the only fluid that circulates throughout the body and links external & internal environments |
|
|
Term
Osmolalities of all body fluids are _____;
Changes in solute concentrations are quickly followed by ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement of fluid within ECF compartment |
|
Definition
| Fluid moves freely within ECF compartment |
|
|
Term
| Increases in plasma osmolality |
|
Definition
| Trigger thirst and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
|
Term
| The major routes of fluid exchange with the environment include: |
|
Definition
Water loss
Temperature rise from fever
Water gains |
|
|
Term
| The hypothalamic thirst center is stimulated: |
|
Definition
-By a decline in plasma volume of 10%–15%
-By increases in plasma osmolality of 1–2%
-Via baroreceptor input, angiotensin II, and other stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Feedback signals that inhibit the thirst centers include: |
|
Definition
-Moistening of the mucosa of the mouth and throat
-Activation of stomach and intestinal stretch receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stretch receptors of belly of muscle. |
|
|
Term
Happens when water excess and depletion
Hyponatremia - |
|
Definition
Hyponatremia Na+ concentration in the ECF is reduced (overhydration)
Little salt cuz lots of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Na+ in the ECF is abnormally high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Develops when water loss outpaces water gains |
|
|
Term
| Obligatory water losses include |
|
Definition
Insensible water losses from lungs and skin
Water that accompanies undigested food residues poop |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic osmoreceptors trigger or inhibit ADH release |
|
Definition
| Water reabsorption in collecting ducts is proportional to ADH release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low ADH levels produce dilute urine & reduced volume of body fluids
High ADH levels produce concentrated urine |
|
|
Term
| Factors that specifically trigger ADH release include: |
|
Definition
Prolonged fever;
Excessive sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea;
severe blood loss;
traumatic burns |
|
|
Term
Water movement between ECF and ICF
(A hypertonic solution is a solution having a greater solute concentration than the cytosol. )
(A hypotonic solution is a solution having a lesser solute concentration than the cytosol. ) |
|
Definition
If ECF becomes hypertonic relative to ICF, water moves from ICF to ECF
If ECF becomes hypotonic relative to ICF, water moves from ECF into cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water loss exceeds water intake and the body is in negative fluid balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes include: hemorrhage, severe burns, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, and diuretic abuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Signs and symptoms:
cottonmouth,
thirst,
dry flushed skin,
and oliguria ( low output of urine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Prolonged dehydration may lead to weight loss, fever, and mental confusion
-Other consequences include hypovolemic shock and loss of electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| Renal insufficiency, Hypotonic |
|
Definition
| Renal insufficiency or an extraordinary amount of water ingested quickly can lead to cellular overhydration, or water intoxication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promotes NET OSMOSIS into TISSUE cells, causing SWELLING |
|
|
Term
Hypotonic Hydration,
Renal insufficiency,
hyponatremia |
|
Definition
| These events must be quickly reversed to prevent severe metabolic disturbances, particularly in neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ECF is diluted – sodium content is normal but excess water is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space,
leading to tissue swelling
Caused by ANYTHING that increases flow of fluids OUT of the bloodstream or STOPS their return |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Factors that accelerate fluid loss include:
Increased blood pressure, capillary permeability
Incompetent venous valves, localized blood vessel blockage
Congestive heart failure, hypertension, high blood volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imbalance in colloid osmotic pressures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Is Low levels of plasma proteins
It Forces fluids out of capillary beds at the arterial ends
Fluids fail to return at the venous ends
Results from protein malnutrition, liver disease, or glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
| Protein malnutrition, liver disease, or glomerulonephritis |
|
Definition
Results from edema
Fluids fail to return at the venous ends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocked (or surgically removed) lymph vessels:
Cause leaked proteins to accumulate in interstitial fluid
Exert increasing colloid osmotic pressure, which draws fluid from the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interstitial fluid accumulation results in low blood pressure and severely impaired circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Other consequences include hypovolemic shock and loss of electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| ECF is diluted (Hypotonic Hydration) |
|
Definition
| sodium content is normal but excess water is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrolytes are salts, acids, and bases, but electrolyte balance usually refers only to salt balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrolytes are salts, acids, and bases, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neuromuscular excitability
Secretory activity
Membrane permeability
Controlling fluid movements |
|
|
Term
| Salts enter the body by ____ and are lost via perspiration, feces, and urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salts enter the body by ingestion and are lost via ____ |
|
Definition
| perspiration, feces, and urine |
|
|
Term
| Problems with Electrolyte Balance |
|
Definition
| Usually result from sodium ion imbalances |
|
|
Term
| Problems with Electrolyte Balance |
|
Definition
Usually result from sodium ion imbalances
Potassium imbalances are less common, but more dangerous |
|
|
Term
| Rate of sodium uptake across digestive tract directly proportional to ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ losses occur through urine and perspiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shifts in sodium balance result in expansion or contraction of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shifts in sodium balance result in expansion or contraction of ECF |
|
|
Term
| Large variations of sodium balance corrected by homeostatic mechanisms.. |
|
Definition
Too low, ADH / aldosterone secreted
Too high, ANP secreted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Too low, ADH / aldosterone secreted
Too high, ANP secreted |
|
|
Term
| The Other Hormones that influence Sodium Balance |
|
Definition
Estrogens,
Progesterone,
Glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| Influence of Other Hormones on Sodium Balance |
|
Definition
Glucocorticoids – enhance reabsorption of sodium and promote edema
Estrogens:
Enhance NaCl reabsorption by renal tubules
May cause water retention during menstrual cycles
Are responsible for edema during pregnancy
Progesterone:
Decreases sodium reabsorption
Acts as a diuretic, promoting sodium and water loss |
|
|
Term
| Influence of Other Hormones on Sodium Balance (Glucocorticoids) |
|
Definition
| Glucocorticoids – enhance reabsorption of sodium and promote edema |
|
|
Term
| Influence of Other Hormones on Sodium Balance (Progesterone) |
|
Definition
Progesterone:
Decreases sodium reabsorption
Acts as a diuretic, promoting sodium and water loss |
|
|
Term
| Influence of Other Hormones on Sodium Balance (Estrogens) |
|
Definition
Estrogens:
Enhance NaCl reabsorption by renal tubules
May cause water retention during menstrual cycles
Are responsible for edema during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Excessive ECF potassium
decreases membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Too little K+
causes hyperpolarization and nonresponsiveness |
|
|
Term
| potassium ion concentration |
|
Definition
| Relative ICF-ECF potassium ion concentration affects a cell’s resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| Hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can: |
|
Definition
Hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can:
Disrupt electrical conduction in the heart
Lead to sudden death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyperkalemia is higher-than-normal levels of potassium in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypokalemia is a lower-than-normal amount of potassium in the blood. |
|
|
Term
| If Hydrogen ions shift in and out of cells |
|
Definition
Then it will
Lead to corresponding shifts in potassium in the opposite direction
And Interferes with activity of excitable cells |
|
|
Term
| If hydrogen Ions go in and out of cell |
|
Definition
then K+ goes the opposite way
messes with activity of excitable cells |
|
|
Term
| Potassium ion in ECF excretion increases as ______ |
|
Definition
-ECF concentrations rise
-Aldosterone secreted
-pH rises |
|
|
Term
| Potassium retention occurs when pH falls |
|
Definition
| Potassium retention occurs when pH falls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – fluid in spaces between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – the fluid portion of the blood |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular fluid (ECF) |
|
Definition
| Interstitial fluid, plasma, and other body fluids |
|
|
Term
| Intracellular fluid (ICF) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the low output of urine, It is clinically classified as an output below 300-500ml/day. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma ; external & internal environments |
|
Definition
| _____is the only fluid that circulates throughout the body and links _____________________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nutrients, respiratory gases, & wastes move ___________ |
|
|
Term
| Ion fluxes; active transport |
|
Definition
| ________ are restricted & move selectively by _____________ |
|
|
Term
Fluid Movement
Compartmental exchange |
|
Definition
| __________is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures |
|
|
Term
| Net leakage; lymphatic vessels |
|
Definition
| _____ of fluid from the blood is picked up by __________ and returned to the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| interstitial; intracellular fluids; |
|
Definition
| Exchanges between ______ and ________ are complex due to the selective permeability of the cellular membranes |
|
|
Term
| elective permeability; cellular membranes |
|
Definition
| Exchanges between interstitial and intracellular fluids are complex due to the ________ of the ________ |
|
|
Term
| Hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can |
|
Definition
Disrupt electrical conduction in the heart
Lead to sudden death |
|
|
Term
Not as closely regulated as sodium
Potassium ion excretion increases as
ECF concentrations rise,
Aldosterone secreted,
pH rises |
|
Definition
| Potassium ion concentrations in ECF are low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Potassium retention occurs when ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone reserves, absorption in the digestive tract, and loss at kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absorbed by the PCT to keep pace with urinary losses |
|
|
Term
| Ionic calcium in ECF is important for: |
|
Definition
Blood clotting
Cell membrane permeability
Secretory behavior
Muscle contraction
Nerve conduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increases excitability
Causes muscle tetany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibits neurons and muscle cells
May cause heart arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
| parathyroid hormone ; calcitonin |
|
Definition
| Calcium balance is controlled by ________(PTH) and ________ |
|
|
Term
| PTH promotes increase in calcium levels by targeting: |
|
Definition
PTH promotes increase in calcium levels by targeting:
Bones – PTH activates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix
Small intestine – PTH enhances intestinal absorption of calcium
Kidneys – PTH enhances calcium reabsorption and decreases phosphate reabsorption |
|
|
Term
PTH promotes increase in calcium levels by targeting:
Bones – PTH activates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix
Small intestine – PTH enhances intestinal absorption of calcium
Kidneys – PTH enhances ________ reabsorption and decreases ________ reabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PTH promotes increase in calcium levels by targeting: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ reabsorption and ______excretion go hand in hand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ is the major anion accompanying sodium in the ECF |
|
|
Term
| 99% of _______is reabsorbed under normal pH conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fewer chloride ions are reabsorbed |
|
|
Term
| TCA, Krebs or Citric takes water from.. |
|
Definition
| the interstitial fluid, a component of ECF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport maximums and excesses are excreted in urine |
|
|
Term
| transport maximum (alternatively Tm or Tmax) |
|
Definition
point at which increases in concentration do not result in an increase in movement of a substance across a membrane.
I've done all I can captain! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arterial blood is 7.4
Venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35
Intracellular fluid is 7.0 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – arterial blood pH rises above 7.45 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – arterial pH drops below 7.35 (physiological acidosis) |
|
|
Term
Chemical buffer systems
The respiratory center in the brain stem
Renal mechanisms |
|
Definition
| Concentration of hydrogen ions is regulated sequentially by: |
|
|
Term
| Concentration of hydrogen ions is regulated sequentially by: |
|
Definition
Chemical buffer systems – act within seconds
The respiratory center in the brain stem – acts within 1-3 minutes
Renal mechanisms – require hours to days to effect pH changes |
|
|
Term
| H+ sequentially regulated by |
|
Definition
1. Chemical buffer systems – act within seconds
2. The respiratory center in the brain stem – acts within 1-3 minutes
3. Renal mechanisms – require hours to days to effect pH changes |
|
|
Term
| The importance of pH control |
|
Definition
Alteration outside these boundaries affects all body systems
Can result in
coma,
cardiac failure,
and circulatory collapse |
|
|
Term
plasma levels fall below 7.35
plasma levels rise above 7.45 |
|
Definition
(acidemia), acidosis results
(alkalemia), alkalosis results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport maximums and excesses are excreted in urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most hydrogen ions originate from cellular metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins releases phosphoric acid into the ECF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces lactic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fat metabolism yields ORGANIC acids and ketone bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transporting carbon dioxide as bicarbonate releases hydrogen ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins releases phosphoric acid into the ECF
Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces lactic acid
Fat metabolism yields organic acids and ketone bodies
Transporting carbon dioxide as bicarbonate releases hydrogen ions
Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces lactic acid
Fat metabolism yields organic acids and ketone bodies
Transporting carbon dioxide as bicarbonate releases hydrogen ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| levels of these ketone bodies are too high, the pH of the blood drops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strong acids – all their H+ is dissociated completely in water
Weak acids – dissociate partially in water and are efficient at preventing pH changes
Strong bases – dissociate easily in water and quickly tie up H+
Weak bases – accept H+ more slowly (e.g., HCO3¯ and NH3) |
|
|
Term
| Weak acids ; Strong bases |
|
Definition
____ dissociate partially in water and are efficient at preventing pH changes
____dissociate easily in water and quickly tie up H+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of acids in the body |
|
Definition
Organic acids-aerobic metabolism
Fixed acids -do not leave solution (sulfuric and phosphoric acids)
Volatile acid -solution and enter the atmosphere (carbonic acid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
____ is most important factor affecting pH of ECF
Volatile acid |
|
|
Term
water ;
Inverse, concentration |
|
Definition
CO2 reacts with _____to form carbonic acid
_____relationship between pH and ____of CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid |
|
Definition
Generated during catabolism of amino acids
Fixed acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metabolic byproducts such as lactic acid, ketone bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually consists of a weak acid and its anion |
|
|
Term
| One or two molecules can act to resist... |
|
Definition
| ___________ pH changes when strong acid or base is added |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H+ are buffered by hemoglobin
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate
-Buffers changes caused by organic and fixed acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate
- Buffers changes caused by _____and____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Buffers ICF exclusively & urine |
|
|
Term
| H+ are buffered by _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prevents pH when the pressure C02 is rising or falling
by using protein |
|
|
Term
| If pH climbs, the carboxyl group of ________acts as a weak acid ________ |
|
Definition
| amino acid ; releasing a H |
|
|
Term
| If the pH drops, the_____ acts as a weak base _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH drops then amino acid.. |
|
Definition
| acts as a weak base, binding H |
|
|
Term
| pH rises, carboxyol group of amino acid .. |
|
Definition
| acts as a weak acid; releasing H |
|
|
Term
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system:
_______protect the ECF from pH changes due to increased or depressed CO2 levels
Only functions when ______& control centers are working normally
It is limited by availability of ______bicarbonate reserve |
|
Definition
Cannot
respiratory system
bicarbonate ions (bicarbonate reserve) |
|
|
Term
| metabolism under influence of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| through carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changing respiratory rates changes PCO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kidneys help regulate pH through it |
|
|
Term
acids or bases;
eliminate |
|
Definition
| Chemical buffers can tie up excess ________, but they cannot________them from the body |
|
|
Term
| The lungs can eliminate carbonic acid |
|
Definition
| by eliminating carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| kidneys ; metabolic acidosis |
|
Definition
Only the _____can rid the body of metabolic acids (phosphoric, uric, and lactic acids and ketones)
and prevent ________ |
|
|
Term
| The ultimate acid-base regulatory organs are the kidneys |
|
Definition
| The ultimate acid-base regulatory organs are the kidneys |
|
|
Term
Conserving (reabsorbing) or generating new bicarbonate ions
Excreting bicarbonate ions |
|
Definition
| The most important renal mechanisms for regulating acid-base balance are: |
|
|
Term
| losing bicarbonate ion, gaining H |
|
Definition
| Losing a _____ is the same as gaining a hydrogen ion; |
|
|
Term
| gaining bicarbonate ion , losing H |
|
Definition
| reabsorbing _______ is the same as losing a hydrogen ion |
|
|
Term
| Carbonic acid formed in filtrate _____to release carbon dioxide and _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbon dioxide then diffuses into _____, where it acts to trigger further _______ |
|
Definition
| tubule cells; hydrogen ion secretion |
|
|
Term
| LOOK AT NOTES TO SEE FULCRUM AND SEE RESPITORY AND RENAL acid TO base |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
removal of H+
goes to bicarb reserve in kidney |
|
Definition
| The Central Role of the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System in the Regulation of Plasma pH |
|
|
Term
addition of H+
takes from bicarb Reserve, from kidney |
|
Definition
| The Central Role of the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System in the Regulation of Plasma pH |
|
|
Term
Respiratory acid base disorders
blank word is : ECF |
|
Definition
| Result when abnormal respiratory function causes rise or fall in CO2 in ____ |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic acid-base disorders |
|
Definition
Generation of organic or fixed acids
Anything affecting concentration of bicarbonate ions in ECF |
|
|
Term
| Generation of organic or fixed acids |
|
Definition
| Metabolic acid-base disorders |
|
|
Term
| Anything affecting concentration of bicarbonate ions in ECF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Result when abnormal respiratory function causes rise or fall in CO2 in ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pH down
pCO2 up
Bicarbs normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pH down
pCO2 normal
Bicarb down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pH up
pCO2 down
Bicarbs normal |
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Term
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Definition
pH up
pCO2 normal
Bicarb up |
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Term
| pre compensation relationship |
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Definition
type...... pH pCO2 bica(HCO3)
resipratory acidosis don up norm
metabolic acidosis don norm down
respirtory alkalosis up don norm
metabolic alkalosis up norm up |
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Term
| Result from failure of the respiratory system to balance pH |
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Definition
| Respiratory Acidosis & Alkalosis |
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Term
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Definition
| _____is the single most important indicator of respiratory inadequacy |
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Term
| most common cause of acid-base imbalance |
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Definition
| Respiratory acidosis is the most common cause of acid-base imbalance |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a person breathes shallowly, or gas exchange is hampered by diseases such as pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, or emphysema |
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Term
| Respiratory alkalosis is a common result of ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Results from excessive levels of CO2 in body fluids |
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Term
| In respiratory acidosis, the respiratory rate |
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Definition
| ______ is often depressed and is the immediate cause of the acidosis |
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Term
| Relatively rare condition |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| All pH imbalances except those caused by abnormal blood carbon dioxide levels |
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Term
| Metabolic acid-base imbalance – |
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Definition
| bicarbonate ion levels above or below normal (22-26 mEq/L) |
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Term
| What is the second most common cause of acid-base imbalance |
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Definition
| Metabolic acidosis is the second most common cause of acid-base imbalance |
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Term
| Metabolic acidosis typical causes are |
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Definition
Ingestion of too much alcohol and excessive loss of bicarbonate ions
Accumulation of lactic acid,
shock,
ketosis in diabetic crisis,
starvation,
and kidney failure |
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Term
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Definition
ingestion of too much alcohol and excessive loss of bicarbonate ions
Other causes include accumulation of lactic acid, shock, ketosis in diabetic crisis, starvation, and kidney failure |
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Term
| Metabolic acidosis typical causes are |
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Definition
Depletion of bicarbonate reserve
Inability to excrete hydrogen ions at kidneys
Production of large numbers of fixed / organic acids
Bicarbonate loss due to chronic diarrhea |
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Term
| In response to metabolic acidosis: |
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Definition
Kidneys generate bicarbonate ions and add them to the blood
An equal amount of hydrogen ions are added to the urine |
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Term
| In response to metabolic acidosis Kidneys generate ___ and add them _____ |
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Definition
| bicarbonate ions; to the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| In response to metabolic acidosis an equal amount of _____are added to the ____ |
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Term
| Metabolic acidosis respiratory compensation: |
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Definition
-The rate and depth of breathing are elevated
-Blood pH is below 7.35 and bicarbonate level is low
-As carbon dioxide is eliminated by the respiratory system, PCO2 falls below normal |
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Term
| Metabolic acidosis respiratory compensation; The ____ of breathing are _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolic acidosis respiratory compensation: Blood pH is ___ 7.35 and bicarbonate level ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| As carbon dioxide is eliminated by the respiratory system, PCO2 falls below normal |
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Definition
| metabolic acidosis respiratory compensation |
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Term
| Rising blood pH and bicarbonate levels indicate ________ (eating too much tums) |
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Definition
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Term
Typical causes are vomiting of acid in stomach,
intake excess base (antacids)
constipation, which bicarbs are reabsorbed |
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Definition
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Term
Metabolic alkalosis
Occurs when HCO3- concentrations become _______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Caused by repeated vomiting
Anti-acid overuse
Constipation |
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Term
When the body is in metabolic alkalosis
bicarbonate ion ______ occurs and
hydrogen ions _______ acidifys the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| The mechanism is the opposite of the bicarbonate ion reabsorption process |
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Definition
| Metabolic alkalosis compensation |
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Term
| During metabolic alkalosis, the _________ excrete fewer bicarbonate ions than they conserve |
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Definition
| nephrons & collecting ducts |
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Term
| In metabolic alkalosis & respiratory aid. Compensation exhibits slow, shallow breathing, allowing carbon dioxide to _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Acid-base imbalance due to inadequacy of a physiological buffer system is compensated for by the other system |
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Definition
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Term
| The respiratory system will attempt to correct _______ acid-base imbalances |
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Definition
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Term
| The kidneys will work to correct imbalances caused by ___________ |
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Definition
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