Term
| Igneous rock that cools and crystallizes from magma intruded into or formed within the crust, is coarse grained: |
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Definition
| Plutonic rock/intrusive igneous rock |
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Term
| What are the 4 compositions of Igneous Rocks? |
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Definition
| Felsic/Intermediate/Mafic/Ultramafic |
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Term
| An igneous rock that forms as lava cools and crystallizes or when pyroclastic materials are consolidated, fine grained, extrusive igneous rocks: |
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Definition
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Term
| An indicator of two staged cooling: |
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Definition
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Term
| any rock composed of particles of preexisting rocks, minerals derived from solution by inorganic chemical processes or by the activities or organisms, or masses of altered organic matter as in coal: |
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Definition
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Term
| Rock made up of the solid particles derived from preexisting rocks, as in sandstone: |
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Definition
| Detrital Sedimentary Rock |
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Term
| sedimentary rock formed by inorganic chemical precipitation from evaporating water (for example, rock salt and rock gypsum): |
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Definition
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Term
| rock formed of minerals derived from materials dissolved during weathering: |
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Definition
| chemical sedimentary rock |
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Term
| Any feature such as tracks, trails, and burrows in sedimentary rocks produced by the activities of organisms: |
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Definition
| Biogenic sedimentary structure |
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Term
| Any rock altered in the solid state from preexisting rocks by any combination of heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids: |
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Definition
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Term
| When there is directed pressure on a metamorphic rock, this is known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| When there is confining pressure on a metamorphic rock, this is known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| A solid with its atoms arranged in a regular three-dimensional framework. |
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Definition
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Term
| A mineral containing silica, a combination of silicon and oxygen, and usually one or more other elements |
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Definition
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Term
| Any mineral with the negatively charged carbonate ion and dolomite |
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Definition
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Term
| Any of about two dozen minerals common enough in rocks to be important for their identification and classification |
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Definition
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Term
| A sequence of processes through which Earth materials may pass as they are transformed from one rock type to another |
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Definition
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Term
| Rock formed when magma or lava cools and crystallizes and when pyroclastic materials become consolidated. |
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Definition
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Term
| Molten rock material below the surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Magma that reaches the surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Fragmental materials, such as ash, explosively erupted from volcanoes |
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Definition
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Term
| An igneous rock that forms as lava cools and crystallizes or when pyroclastic materials are consolidated |
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Definition
| Volcanic rock/Extrusive igneous rock |
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Term
| The process of converting sediment into sedimentary rock |
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Definition
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Term
| Any rock composed mostly of carbonate minerals (such as limestone and dolostone) |
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Definition
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Term
| Metamorphism taking place adjacent to a body of magma (a pluton) or beneath a lava flow from heat and chemically active fluids |
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Definition
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Term
| Metamorphism taking place over a large but usually elongated area resulting from heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. |
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Definition
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Term
| Metamorphism in fault zones where rocks are subjected to high differential pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| The record of prehistoric physical and biologic events preserved in rocks |
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Definition
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Term
| A branch of geology concerned mostly with the composition, origin, age relationships, and geographic extent of layered, or stratified rocks. |
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Definition
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Term
| Superposition, inclusions and unconformities can be found in ( ) stratigraphic relationships. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lateral continuity and sedimentary facies can be found in ( ) sedimentary relationships. |
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Definition
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Term
| Another way to figure out relative ages, because inclusions, or fragments, in a body of rock must be older than the rock itself. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sequences of rocks in which deposition was more or less continuous. |
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Definition
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Term
| In many sequences of strata this is present that represent times of nondeposition and/or erosion that encompass long periods of geologic time, perhaps millions or tens of millions of years. |
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Definition
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Term
| An English civil engineer who was surveying and building canals in southern England, independently discovered Steno's principle of superposition. |
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Definition
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Term
| Agreed with Darwin on "natural selection". |
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Definition
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Term
| an erosion surface in sedimentary rocks that separates younger rocks from older rocks, both of which are parallel to each other. |
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Definition
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Term
| is present if the strata below an erosion surface are inclined at some angle to the strata above. |
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Definition
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Term
| an erosion surface cut into plutonic rocks or metamorphic rocks that is overlain by sedimentary rocks. |
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Definition
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Term
| This law holds that the facies seen in a conformable vertical sequence will also replace one another laterally. |
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Definition
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Term
| This person believed that fossils were placed in rocks by the creator. |
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Definition
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Term
| These three people recognized the true nature of fossils. |
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Definition
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Term
| The remains or traces of prehistoric organisms preserved in rocks. |
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Definition
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Term
| Consist mostly of shells, bones, and teeth. That is skeletal parts of organisms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Include tracks, trails, burrows, nests and even fossilized feces. |
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Definition
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Term
| Relative time, Principle of Faunal Succession |
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Definition
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Term
| This important principle holds that fossil assemblages succeed one another through time in a regular and determinable order. |
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Definition
| Principle of fossil succession |
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Term
| The systems are arranged in their correct chronologic order. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rock type with no consideration of time or mode of origin is the only criterion used to define a: |
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Definition
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Term
| mappable body of rock with distinctive upper and lower boundaries |
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Definition
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Term
| defined solely on the basis of their fossil content with no regard to rock type or time of origin, and their boundaries do not necessarily correspond with those of lithostratigraphic units. |
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Definition
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Term
| The fundamental biostratigraphic unit is: |
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Definition
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Term
| The rock that formed during a particular interval of geologic time. |
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Definition
| Time-stratigraphic unit/ Chronostratigraphic unit |
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Term
| The most commonly used time-stratigraphic unit is the ( ) , which is based on a stratotype consisting of rocks in the area where the system was first described. |
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Definition
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Term
| Designations for certain intervals of geologic time. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most commonly used time unit is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Matching up geologic phenomena in two or more areas is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Lithostratigraphic correlation= |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A type of biozone, the geologic range of a particular fossil group, such as species or a group of related species called a genus. |
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Definition
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Term
| The size variation in a sedimentary deposit or rock |
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Definition
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Term
| Features in sedimentary rocks that formed during deposition or shortly thereafter, but before lithification. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sedimentary rocks have a layered aspect called ( ) or ( ). |
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Definition
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Term
| When grain size decreases upward. Large particles are deposited followed by progressively small ones, thus forming: |
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Definition
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Term
Deposition that takes place on the downwind, sloping side of a sand dune or a similar feature in a stream channel produces:
(accumulates at an angle to the surface on which deposition occurs) |
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Definition
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Term
| Small-scale alternating ridges and troughs common on bedding planes, especially in sand, are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Clay-rich sediments tend to shrink as they dry and crack into polygonal forms called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Biological processes yield (1) (2) (3) and include tracks, trails and burrows. |
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Definition
| Biogenic sedimentary structures |
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Term
| Extensive burrowing by organisms may so thoroughly disrupt sediments that other structures are destroyed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Any area where sediment accumulates, but more specifically it entails a particular area where physical, chemical and biological processes operate to yield a distinctive kind of deposit. |
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Definition
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Term
| Refers to river and stream activity and to their deposits. |
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Definition
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Term
| (1) deposits may accumulate in (2)(3) that have multiple broad, shallow channels in which mostly sheets of gravel and cross-bedded sand are deposited, and mud is conspicuous by its near absence. |
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Definition
1) Fluvial
2) Braided
3) Streams |
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Term
| These streams have a single sinuous channel and deposit mostly fine-grained sediments on floodplains but do have cross-bedded sand bodies, each with a shoestring geometry. |
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Definition
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Term
| Desert environments are commonly inferred from an association of features found in (1) deposits, (2) deposits and (3) deposits. |
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Definition
1) Sand dune
2) Alluvial fans
3) Playa lake |
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Term
| 3 types of Continental Environments: |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 types of Transitional Environments: |
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Definition
Delta(marine)
Beach
Barrier Island |
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Term
| 5 types of Marine Environments: |
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Definition
Continental Shelf
Continental Slope and rise
Carbonate shelf
Deep-ocean basin
Evaporite environments |
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Term
| Poorly sorted conglomerate from debris flows and sandstone and conglomerate-filled channels |
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Definition
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Term
| Well-sorted, rounded sandstone with large-scale cross-beds |
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Definition
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Term
| Laminated mudstone/siltstone;evaporites such as rock salt, rock gypsum and others |
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Definition
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Term
| All sediment deposited in glacial environments is collectively called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Poorly sorted, nonstratified drift deposited directly by glacial ice, mostly in ridgelike deposits called moraines. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mostly sand and gravel deposited by braided streams issuing from melting glaciers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Deposition where a river or stream enters the sea yields a body of sediment called a: |
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Definition
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Term
| When a delta builds seaward and forms a vertical sequence of rocks that become coarser-grained from bottom to top. |
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Definition
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Term
| On broad continental margins with abundant sand, long (1) lie offshore separated from the mainland by a lagoon. |
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Definition
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Term
| Present along many coastlines where part of the shoreline environment is periodically covered by seawater at high tide and then exposed at low tide. |
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Definition
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Term
| A gently sloping area adjacent to a continent: |
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Definition
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Term
| Turbidite sequences in submarine fans with graded bedding in sandstone and mudrocks |
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Definition
| Continental slope and rise |
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Term
| Deals with Earth's geography of the past. |
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Definition
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