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| The idea that the Earth was an immovable object in the center of the universe and all things moved in orbit around the Earth |
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| A change in european thought about thinking of about the natural world , based on careful observation;willingness to question accepted beliefs |
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| stars, Earth, other planets revolved around the sun, reasoned by Nicolaus Copernicus |
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| built his own telescope in used it to study heaven, published small book "starry messenger": described observations Jupiter form moons, son dark spots, Earth's moon had rough uneven surface |
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| – logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas |
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| discovered that the same force ruled motion of planets and all matter on Earth and in space, universal gravitation |
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| new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problem, age of reason |
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| expressed views in "Leviathan", thought all humans were naturally selfish and wicked by seeing the horrors of the English Civil War, governments would needed to keep order to prevent war |
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| agreement by which people created a government, rulers needed total power |
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| believed people learn from experience and improve themselves, had natural ability to govern own affairs, criticized absolute monarchy and favored self-government |
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| social critics of this period In France, mid-1700s, French word for philosophers |
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pen name of Francois Marie Arouet , established more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama
Voltaire use satire and targeted clergy, aristocrats see, and government
enemies of French court and sent to prison, expelled to England
never stop fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief/speech |
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| influential French writer, studied political liberty, named the separation of powers based after the British system which is similar to the balance of powers in modern day USA |
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| great philosophe, committed to individual freedom, writer of essays but strange and controversial, disagreed on many matters with fellow thinkers, believed in natural instinct of man instead of using civilization, believed direct democracy, government came from consent of govern |
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| , created a justice system, criticized torturing of witnesses and suspects, irregular proceedings, and punishments that were cruel |
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| establish an essay called "a vindication of the rights of women", disagreed with Rousseau that women's education is secondary to man |
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| social gatherings were philosophers, writers, artists, scientists and other great intellects met to discuss ideas |
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| style of European are characterized by grand, ornate design |
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| monarchs who embraced new ideas of respecting people's rights and made reforms that reflected the enlightenment spirit |
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| – most admired, ruled Russia, threat the work of philosophes , absolute authority with reform ideas |
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| Declaration of Independence – |
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| based on the ideas of John Locke and the enlightenment ,argument for natural rights listed George III abuses, declared separation from Britain |
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| wrote Declaration of Independence and was a political leader |
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| each branches checking the actions of the other two |
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| power divided between national and state governments |
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| protected such basic rights as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion |
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