Term
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Definition
| induces formation of testes |
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Term
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Definition
| from testes, induces formation of male sex organs, in its absence, female sex organs develop |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm or egg formed in the gonads by meiosis, has a haploid number of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| contains 80 genes and is believed to be derived from X, thus males have about 1000 genes represented by a single allele |
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Term
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Definition
| only 1 of the two X chromosomes become active in females, the other one forms a clump of inactive heterochromatin called.., used as test for chromosomal sex |
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Term
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Definition
| in about 80 genes either the maternal or paternal allele is.., accomplished by chemically modifying DNA bases (methylation) |
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Term
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Definition
| changes that don't change the DNA sequence but they are heritable |
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Term
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Definition
| is a genetic phenomenon by which certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. It is an inheritance process independent of the classical Mendelian inheritance. Imprinted alleles are silenced such that the genes are either expressed only from the non-imprinted allele inherited from the mother |
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Term
| testis-determining factor |
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Definition
| gonads have the potential to become testes or ovaries until this causes conversion to testes |
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Term
| SRY sex-determining region of Y gene |
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Definition
| TDF is produced by this gene |
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Term
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Definition
| produce sperm in adults appear 43 to 50 days following conception, contain germinal cells that produce sperm and sertoli cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that produce testosterone and appear at day 65 in clusters around STs |
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Term
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Definition
| begin to be secreted at 8 weeks and peak at 12 - 14 weeks to masculinize the embryonic structure, then decline untill puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| when the testes don't descend into the scrotum, spermatogenesis does not occur becuase requires 3* lower temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| male accessory sex organs are derived from |
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Term
| male accessory sex organs |
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Definition
| epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct |
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Term
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Definition
| female accessory sex organs are derived from |
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Term
| female accessory sex organs |
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Definition
| uterus and fallopian tubes |
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Term
| mullerian inhibiting factor |
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Definition
| at day 60 sertoli cells secrete this and causes mullerian ducts to regress |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when individuals have both ovary and testis tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| have either testes or ovaries but have accessory organs and external genitalia that are incompletely developed or inappropriate |
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Term
| congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
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Definition
| most common cause of femal pseudohermaphroditism |
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Term
| testicular feminizing syndrome |
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Definition
| testes are normal but there are no receptors for testosterone, individual develops very femal appearance but is infertile |
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Term
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Definition
| don't produce much sex steroid until puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| controls release of LH and FSH from anterior pit with GnRH |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate production of sperm and eggs, and gonadal sex steroids, and maintain size of gonads |
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Term
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Definition
| provide negative feedback on hypothalamus and Ant Pit |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by gonads which negatively feeds back on FSH secretion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| growth of pubic and axiliary hair is due to this from the adrenal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on % body fat and physical activity, girls with low body fat and high activity levels enter at older age |
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Term
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Definition
| seems to play a role in seasonal reproduction in animals, secretes melatonin. |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits gonadotopin secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by increased muscle tone and engorgement of sexual organs with blood, vagina lubricates |
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Term
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Definition
| clitoris is partiall hidden by swelling labia, areolae continue swelling, outer third of vagina engorges |
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Term
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Definition
| men ejaculate and women have analogous contractions of uterus and vagina |
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Term
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Definition
| body returns to preexcitation conditions, men enter refractory period |
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Term
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Definition
| contain receptors for FSH, which stimulates spermatogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| contain LH receptors which stimulates secretion of testerone |
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Term
| negative feedback and inhibin |
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Definition
| control of LH and FSH secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| converts testerone to estradiol |
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Term
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Definition
| mediates negative feedback effects of Testerone |
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Term
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Definition
| secretion declines gradually in aging even though levels of GnRH, LH, FSH are elevated |
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Term
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Definition
| testerone secreted by these cells stimulate spermatogenesis, may also secrete ACTH, MSH, and B-endorphin |
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Term
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Definition
| secretion from tubules may affect sensitivity of leydig cells to LH stimulation |
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Term
| spermatogonia (stem cells) |
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Definition
| germ cells that migrate from yolk sac during development become, replicate selves throughout life by mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| spermatogonia give rise to haploid sperm by |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in the wall of seminiferous tubules |
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Term
| spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes |
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Definition
| are located in outer part of ST |
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Term
| Sprmatids and mature spermatozoa |
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Definition
| located toward lumen, tails in lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa, requires participitation of sertoli cells, moset of their cytoplasm is pinched off and ingested by surrounding cytoplasm of sertoli cells |
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Term
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Definition
| during spermiogenesis, these replace the DNA associated histones, cause extreme compaction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| created by sertoli cells, prevent autoimmune destruction of developing sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| sertoli secreted, triggers apoptosis of T lymphocytes |
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Term
| androgen binding protein ABP |
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Definition
| secreted by sertoli cells into lumen of seminiferous tubules, binds testerone and concentrateds it in tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates spermiogenesis through its receptors on sertolis |
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Term
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Definition
| provide negative feedback on FSH via production of inhibin |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of primary spermatocytes and entry into this begin during embryonic development and is then arrested until puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| is not essential for spermatogenesis, enhances testosterone stimulated spermatogenesis and at puberty acts with testerone to stimulate proliferation of sertolis |
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Term
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Definition
| spermatozoa and fluids exit seminiferous Tubules via |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm and fluids pass through efferent ductules to epididymus, and leave thru |
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Term
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Definition
| spermatozoa mature and become motile in |
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Term
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Definition
| neutralizes pH during ejaculation |
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Term
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Definition
| carries sperm into pelvic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| add fluid constituting 60% of ejaculate to that coming from epididymis, contains fructose |
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Term
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Definition
| becomes ejaculatory duct which merges with urethra in prostate |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid becomes this when prostate secretions containing citric acid and coagulation proteins and Ca, coagulate seamen during ejaculation |
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Term
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Definition
| controlled by hypothalamus and sacral cord, occurs as result of parasymp-induced blood flow into erectile tissues of penis |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter for erection |
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Term
| corpus cavernosum and spongiosum |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| venous outflow is partially, aiding erection |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of semen into urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| is forcible expulsion of semen from urethra out of penis |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates emission and ejaculation, also causes peristalsis of tubular system, contractions of seminal vesicles, prostate and muscles at base of penis |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm count of less than 20 million/ml, associated with decreased fertility, caused by heat, lead, or arsenic poisoning and drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| interferes with sperm development but also has side effects |
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Term
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Definition
| male contraception efforts have targeted, but limited usefulness due to side effects |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the most widely used methods, each vas deferens is cut and tied, 70% develop antisperm antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| extensions of fallopian tubes that partially cover each ovary |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of connective tissue in uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| middle layer of smooth muscle in the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| hormonally-responsive inner epithelial layer that is shed during menstruation in uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| toward the end of gestation, oogonia begin meiosis but arrest in prophase 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| primary oocytes are contained in |
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Term
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Definition
| in response to FSH some follicles enter ovarian cycle and grow, producing layers of |
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Term
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Definition
| some primary follicles continue, developing vesicles and becoming |
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Term
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Definition
| one follicle continues growth, vesicles fuse forming fluid -filled cavity called an antrum and is now called |
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Term
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Definition
| as graafian follicle develops, primary oocyte completes |
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Term
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Definition
| other daughter becomes a small, which will degenerate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| form layer around outside of follicle |
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Term
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Definition
| oocyte sits on mound in this layer called |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary oocyte is enclosed by ring of granulosa cells called |
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Term
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Definition
| between oocyte and radiata is gelatinous layer called, forms barrier to sperm penetration |
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Term
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Definition
| the follicles that that do not suvive and degenerate are known as |
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Term
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Definition
| LH causes empty follicle to become, secretes progesterone and estrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| if there is no fertilization, corpus luteum becomes |
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Term
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Definition
| no shedding of endometium and receptivity is limited |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| time from ovulation to menstruation |
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Term
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Definition
| follicular growth and estogen secretion are dependet on from Ant Pit |
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Term
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Definition
| FSH and Estrogen induce formation of FSH receptors on, causing follicles to become increasingly sensitive to same level of FSH |
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Term
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Definition
| FSH and Estrogen recruit LH receptors in |
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Term
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Definition
| rapidly rising estroge causes hypothalamus to increase pulses of |
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Term
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Definition
| rapidly rising estrogen causes ANT PIT sensitivity to GnRH to increa resulting in greater |
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Term
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Definition
| cause by a positive feedback between Estrogen and Ant Pit, peaks 16 hours before ovulation |
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Term
| high progesterone and estrogen |
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Definition
| exert strong negative feedback on LH and FSH |
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Term
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Definition
| from corpus luteum further suppresses FSH |
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Term
| estrogen and progesterone levels decline |
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Definition
| causes menstruation and allowing new cycle of follicle development |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs during follicular phase, estrogen levels increase and stimulates growth of endometrial lining, spiral arteries develop, eestrogen causes cervical mucus to become thin and water to allow sperm penetration |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs during luteal phase, endometrium becomes ready for implantation |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates development of uterine glands |
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Term
| progesterone and estrogen |
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Definition
| cause endometrium to become thick, vascular, and spongy |
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Term
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Definition
| causes cervical mucus to thicken and become sticky |
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Term
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Definition
| results from drop in progesterone and estrogen, following corpus luteum degeneration |
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Term
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Definition
| causes constriction of spiral arteries, blood flow stops causing necrosis and sloughing of endometrium |
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Term
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Definition
| release of GNRH is regulated by hormonal feedback and higher brain centers, the mechanism by which the olfactory senses pheromones and causes cycles of roomates to synchronize |
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Term
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Definition
| cessation of menstruaton when limbic system signals stress to hypothalamus, or thin, atheletic females, may be related to reduced leptin |
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Term
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Definition
| usually contain estrogen and progesterone and mimic the corpus luteum |
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Term
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Definition
| involves daily measurement of oral basal body temperature upon awakening because declining estrogen in day of LH surge drops BT and rising progesterone on the day after the LH surge causes an elevated BT |
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Term
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Definition
| no estrogen from follicles, LH and FSH are high because of no negative feedback, lack of estrogen causes heat flashes, osteoporosis, and increased risk of atherosclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| once fertilization occurs, secondary oocyte completes meiosis and then undergos mitosis resulting in a structure called |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by cells of blastocyst to maintain corpus luteum of mother and prevents menstruation |
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Term
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Definition
| birth is dependent upon strong contractions of the uterus stimulated by |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm passage thru the female reproductive tract only 10% gain ability to fertilize an oocyte, this ability is called, must be in female tract for 7 hours |
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Term
| chemotaxis and thermotaxis |
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Definition
| sperm is guided to the fallopian tube by |
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Term
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Definition
| fertilization occurs in the |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme filled vesicle above the sperms nucleus, meets the zona pellucida and causes a reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| the fertilized single cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes is called a |
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Term
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Definition
| the diploid zygote undergos several mitotic divisions called |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cells of the blastocyst that secreats HCG which functiona like LH and maintins the corpus leutium |
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Term
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Definition
| formed from the trophoblast cells of the fetus and the adjacent maternal tissue in the endometrium |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the fetus's blood and carries it to and from the fetus and the placenta |
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Term
| hCS (chorionic somatomammotropin) |
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Definition
| secreted by placenta, similar to prolactin and GH in its actions |
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Term
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Definition
| the major steroid secreted from the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by uterus and stimulates labor |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily DHEAS secreted by fetal adrenal cortex are converted into estrogen by the placenta |
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