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1) Can be learned as regional or topographical anatomy organized according to regions, parts, or divisions of the body (e.g hand, mouth)
2) Can be learned as systemic anatomy organized according to organ systems (e.g. respiratory, nervous). |
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| The field of study concerned with the principles of physics related to energy and force as they apply to the human body. |
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| Nearest to eh body center, joint center, or reference point. |
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| Away from the body center, joint center, or reference point |
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| lower than, toward the feet |
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| Segmental moves occur around an ________ and in a _______. Each ________ has an associated _________ lying perpendicular to it. |
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| The body has _______ _________ planes. |
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| The _______________ makes a division into right and left portions. |
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| The _______________ makes a division into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions |
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| The ____________ or (_______________) makes a division into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions. |
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| Transverse plane, horizontal plane |
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| How many axes in the body? |
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| lies perpendicular to the sagittal plane |
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| lies perpendicular to the frontal plane |
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| lies perpendicular to the transverse plane |
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| the movement that decreases the joint angle. Occurs in the sagittal plane around the mediolateral axis. |
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| movement to increase the joint angle. It occurs in a sagittal plane around the mediolateral axis |
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| movement toward the midline of the body in a frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis. |
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| Movement away from the midline of the body in a frontal plane around an anteroposterior axis. |
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| movement around a longitudinal axis and in the transvers plane, either toward the midline (internal) or away from teh midline (external). |
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| a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. The segment moving in a cone. |
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| rotational movement at the radioulnar joint in a transverse plane around a longitudinal axis that results in the palm facing downward. |
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| rotation movement at the radioulnar joint in a transverse plane around a longitudinal axis that results in the palm facing upward. |
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| extension at the ankle joint |
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| is flexion at the ankle joint |
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| turning the sole of the foot away from the midline (outward). |
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| turning of the sole of the foot toward the midline (inward) |
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| includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It forms the longitudinal axis of the body, supports and protects organ systems, and provides surface area for the attachment of muscles. |
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| Comprised of 29 bones. Most significant is the mandible. |
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| Most significant bone in the skull, can be used as an orientation landmark for palpating the carotid artery to assess the pulse. |
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| Spine or vertebral column |
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Serves as the main axial support for the body.
1) 33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused into the sacrum), and 4 coccygeal (fused into the coccyx). |
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- round, flat, or platelike structures composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue.
a. the outer, fibrocartilaginous portion of the disk is the annulus fibrosus.
b. the inner gelatinous portion is the nucleus pulposus.
c. disks unite the vertebral bodies and serve to absorb shock and bear weight. |
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| What are the 4 major curves of the adult vertebral column |
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| Thoracic, sacral, cervical, and lumbar |
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| having a convexity of the curve is posteriorly directed. These primary curves retain the same directional curve as the spine of the fetus. (sacral and thoracic curves) |
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| The cervical and lumbar regions have a convexity of the curve interiorly directed. These secondary curves develop after birth as the infant progresses in weight bearing. |
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| Abnormal curves in the sagittal plan of the spine |
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| hyperkyphosis (exaggerated posterior thoracic curve) and hyperlordosis (exaggerated anterior curve of the lumbar curve). |
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| Abnormal curve of the spine in the frontal plane |
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| scoliosis (lateral deviation) |
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| the body has 12 pairs of ribs: 7 true, in which the costal cartilage articulates directly with the sternum, and 5 pairs that do not articulate directly with the sternum. |
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| The costal cartilage of ribs 8, 9 , 10 articulate with the costal cartilage of the _________. |
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| The cartilaginous ends of ribs 11 and 12 are _______ from articulation. |
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the spaces between the ribs.
- the palpation of the spaces between the ribs in important for the correct placement of ECG electrodes (in the 4th and 5th space) |
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- lies in the midline of the chest
- comprised of 3 parts: manubrium (superior), body (middle), and xiphoid process (inferior). |
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| slightly raised surface landmark where the manubrium meets the body of the sternum. |
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| surface landmark situated at the bottom of the sternum and in the middle of the inferior border of the rib cage. Palpation of this landmark is important for CPR. |
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| bones of arms and legs and the pectoral ad pelvic girdles |
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Articulates with the sterna; manubrium proximally and the scapulae distally and are positioned just superior to the first rib.
- palpation of the clavicle helps to place electrodes for ECG and defibrillation |
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- situated on the posterior side of the body in the region of the first 7 ribs.
- 2 important landmarks: inferior angle (used for skinfold site location) at the bottom of the scapulae, forming the junction between the medial and lateral borders and acromion process (used for shoulder breadth measurement), the bony process at the most lateral part of the shoulder. |
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comprised of the humerus that articulates proximally with the glenoid fossa of the scapula and distally withe the ulna and radius.
Palpable landmarks are the medial and lateral epicondyles and its distal end (used for elbow width measurement in estimating frame size). |
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comprised of 2 bones (ulna and radius).
- The most prominent bony landmark of the forearm is the olecranon process on the posterior ulna.
- At the distal end the radial and ulnar styloid processes help to identify the proper location for assessing radial pulse. |
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- formed of the hip bones (ilium, ischium and pubis), sacrum and coccyx.
- superior most aspect of the ilium is the iliac crest, and the anterior most structure is the anteriorsuperior iliac spine.
- these structures are easily palpated and serve as landmarks for skinfold measurement. |
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- comprised of the femur
- most easily palpated landmark is the greater trochanter on the proximal lateral side
- distally the patella is located anterior to the knee joint. It serves as a landmark for locating the high skinfold. |
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- An osseous tissue
- functions to provide support, protects organs and tissues, serves as levers, provide storage of calcium, and produces blood cells |
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| the covering of bone that isolates it from the surrounding tissues and provides circulatory and nervous supply |
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| What are the types of bone? |
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| Compact (cortical, dense) and cancellous (trabecular, spongy) |
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| What are the bone shapes? |
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| Long, short, flat, irregular |
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- found in the appendicular skeleton
- have a cylindrical shaft or diaphysis, with an epiphysis at each end |
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| consists of compact bone surrounding a thin layer of cancellous bone, within which lies the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow bone marrow. |
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| consists of cancellous bone surrounded by a layer of compact bone. Red bone marrow is contained in the porous chambers of spongy bone; hematopoiesis (production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) occurs within red bone marrow. Epiphysis articulate with adjoining bones and are covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage, which facilitates joint movement. |
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| in immature long bones, the junction between the epiphysis and the diaphysis is the location of the epiphyseal plate, where growth of long bone occurs. |
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- almost cuboidal in shape (e.g. bones of wrist and ankle)
- often covered with articular surfaces that interface with joints. |
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| thin and relatively broad (e.g. bones of the skulls, ribs, and scapulae). |
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| mixed shapes that do not easily fit into other categories (e.g. vertebrae) |
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| Basic components of connective tissue |
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- specialized cells (e.g in blood, bone , cartilage)
- extracellular protein fibers (e.g elastin, collagen, fibrin)
- Ground substance |
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| Functions of connective tissue |
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| Provide support, transport materials, store mechanical energy reserves, and perform regulatory functions. |
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| Types of synovial joints, examples and movements produced? |
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- Ball and socket (hip/shoulder) circumduction, rotation, moves in all planes
- Condyloid (wrist) abduction, adduction, flexion, extension
- gliding (ankle subtalar) inversion/eversion)
- hinge (knee, elbow) flexion/extension
- Pivot (atlas/axis) rotation around a central axis
- Saddle (Thumb) flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and opposition |
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| Classifications of joints |
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Structural (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial)
Function (immovable, slightly moveable, freely moveable) |
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- Hip Elbow
- Bony surfaces covered with articular cartilage
- surrounding the joint is a fibrous joint capsule
- inner surfaces of the joint cavity are lined with synovial membranes
- synovial fluid from the membrane provides lubrication to the joint
- some synovial joins contain fibrocartilaginous disks (knee)
- Bursae reduce friction and act as shock absorbers |
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| Movements @ synovial joints |
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- Angular movements (decrease or increase the joint angle) include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction and adduction.
- Circular movements include rotation (medial or lateral, supination or pronation) and circumduction. These movements occur at joints with a rounded surface articulating with the depression of another bone.
- Special movements include inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation and depression. |
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| Types of muscles in the skeletal system? |
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| skeletal, cardiac and smooth |
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| Feature of skeletal muscle |
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the outer layer of muscle that separates the muscle from the surrounding tissues and organs
- converge at the end to form the tendon that attaches the muscle to bone |
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| the central layer that divides that muscle into compartments called fascicles that contain skeletal muscle cells (muscle fibers) |
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| the inner layer of muscle that surrounds each muscle fiber |
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| controls each skeletal muscle fiber |
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| The motor neuron and all the muscle fibers innervated |
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| Communication between motor neurons and a skeletal muscle fiber occurs at the _____________. |
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| Each axon of the motor neuron ends at a _____________. containing the neurotransmitter _____________. |
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| synaptic knob, acetylcholine (ACh). |
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| separates the synaptic knob from he sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle fiber |
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| part of the motor end plate that contains chemically gated sodium channels and membrane receptors that bind ACh. |
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| the cytoplasm of a muscle cell |
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| a network of tubes that form as an extension of the sarcolemma |
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| the ___________ extend into the sarcoplasm and communicate with the _______________, which stores calcium in special sacs called ___________. |
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| T-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, terminal cisternae |
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| ____________ contain myofilaments, which consist of the contractile proteins ______ and _______. |
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| Myofibrils, actin, myosin |
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| organized in repeating functional units called sarcomeres |
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| Actin and myosin form ____________ and slide past one another during ___________, thus ________ the sarcomeres. |
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| crossbridges, contraction, shortening |
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covers the actin bridge site during resting condition
- attaches to troponin |
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| ________ and _________ regulate bridging of actin and myosin for __________ and ___________. |
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| tropomyosin, troponin, muscle contraction, relaxation |
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| the proximal attachment of a muscle |
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| the distal attachment of a muscle |
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| the prime mover is responsible for producing a particular movement. |
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| the prime mover that opposes the agonist |
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| assists the prime mover but is not the primary muscle responsible for the action |
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| Muscle landmarks that have clinical importance are? |
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| sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, gluteus maximus, quadricepts femoris, and gastrocnemius. |
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| the landmark for skinfold measurement which is a natural, diagonal crease in the skin formed where the musculature of the thigh meets the pelvic girdle. |
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| What are the 4 chambers of the heart? |
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| right and left atria, right and left ventricles |
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| the connective tissues surrounding the heart |
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| Heart - The _____ lie superior to the _______. |
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| the _________ marks the border between the atria and the ventricles. |
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| the atria have _________ walls and, when not filled with blood, are called ______. |
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| the ventricles have _________ walls. |
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| the _________ marks the boundary between the left and right ventricles |
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| the _____ lies inferiorly at the _____ of the heart |
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| the ______ receives blood from the systemic circulation through the __________ and __________. |
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| right atrium, superior, inferior venae cavae |
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| __________ return venous blood from the myocardium to the coronary sinus, which opens to the right atrium |
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| Each atrium communicates with the ventricle on the same side by way of an ___________. the right _________ is a _________ the left _________ is a ___________. |
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| AV valve, av valve, tricuspid valve, av valve, bicuspid valve |
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| each cusp is braced by _______ which are connected to _________. |
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| chordae tendineae, papillary muscles |
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| oxygenated blood leaving the __________ flows through the _________ or _____ valve to the aorta. |
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| left ventricle, left semiluar or aortic |
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| What is the process of circulation of blood through the heart? |
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| Blood from the periphery flows through the superior and inferior venae cavae, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries, and then lungs. Blood from the lungs flows through the left pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, ascending aorta, and then systemic circulation. |
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