Term
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Definition
| an abnormal condition characterized by the colapse of lung tissue; it prevents the respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Term
| anatomical dead space VOC |
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Definition
| the volume of the conducting airways from the external enviroment down to the terminal bronchioles |
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Term
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Definition
| the ease with which the lungs and thorax expand during pressure changes. The greater the compliance, the easier the expansion |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle used to determine cardiac output. It assumes that the amount of owygen delivered to an organ is equal to the amount of oxygen consumed by that organ plus the amount of oxygen carried away from that organ |
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Term
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Definition
| A normal neural response triggered by touching the soft palate or posterior pharynx |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of diminished carbon dioxide in the blood; also known as hypocapnia |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of decreased owygen content of arterial blood |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of decreased oxygen content at the tissue level |
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Term
| intrapulmonic pressure VOC |
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Definition
| the pressure of the gas in the alveoli |
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Term
| intrathoracic pressure VOC |
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Definition
| the pressure in the pleural space; also known as intrapleural pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of gas inhaled or exhaled in 1 min. It is found by multiplying the tidal volume by the respiratory rate |
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Term
| physiological dead space VOC |
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Definition
| the sum of the anatomical dead space plus the volume of any nonfunctioal alveoli |
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Term
| pulmonary ventilation VOC |
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Definition
| the movement of air into and out of the lungs. This process brings oxygen into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide. |
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Term
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Definition
| the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the enviroment |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of air inspired or expired in a single, resting breath. |
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Term
| external respiration p.431 |
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Definition
| the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the inspired air and pulmonary capillaries |
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Term
| internal respiration p.431 |
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Definition
| the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillary red blood cells and the tissue cells |
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Term
| Gas flows from a _____pressue or concentration to an area of _______pressure or concentration p.431 |
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Definition
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Term
| atmospheric pressure-definition and how many mm Hg at sea level p.432 |
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Definition
| is the pressure of the gas around us. 760mm Hg |
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Term
| What is the measurement of intrapulmonic pressure in mm Hg p.432 |
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Definition
| varies a little above or below 760mm Hg- depends if measured during inspiration or expiration |
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Term
| What is the measurement of Intrathoracic pressure in mm Hg p.432 |
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Definition
| less than atmospheric pressure usually 751-754 mm Hg.but may exceed the atmospheric pressure during coughing or staining during bowel movements |
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Term
| As the thorax expands the lung space increases.. This causes a drop in the ________pressure of about 1mm Hg below ________pressure "inspiration"p.432 |
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Definition
| intrapulmonic pressure and atmospheric pressure. |
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Term
| As the chest wall relaxes during expiration, elastic coils causes the thorax and lung space to decrease in size increasing the _________pressure by 1mm Hg over the _________ pressure "expiration" p.432 |
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Definition
| intrapulmonic pressure and atmospheric pressure |
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Term
| The expansion of the lungs and thorax is caused by the movement of the________ and the __________and__________intercostal muscles p.432 |
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Definition
| diaphragm, internal and external intercoastal muscles |
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Term
| Diseases that decrease compliance increase the energy required for breathing.Give examples of such diseases. p.433 |
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Definition
| asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, and pulmonary edema |
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Term
| Factors that increase the amount of energy needed for ventilation include loss of ________, an increase in airway resistance, or a decrease in ___________. p.433 |
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Definition
| pulmonary surfactant and pulmonary compliance |
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Term
| The nasal passages cause about __% of the total airway resistance during nose breathing. The mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea account for approximately __% to__% of airway resistance during quite mouth bring. This may increase to __% duing times of increased ventilation p.435 |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________muscles include the scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid(deep muscles of the neck and thorax), posterior neck and back muscles, and the abdominal muscles. "labored breathing" p.435 |
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Definition
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Term
| The average adult breathes about __to__ times per min. what is the percentage of inspired air that never reaches the alveoli for gas exchange but fills the upper respiratory tract and lower nonrespiratory bronchioles p.435 |
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Definition
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Term
| emphysema causes the alveolar walls to ________. p.435 |
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Definition
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Term
| The lungs can hold about _____ times the amount of airbrought in by a normal resting inhalation.p.435 |
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Definition
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Term
| The tidal volume of the average adult is about_______________mL. Of this _____mL remains in the anatomical dead space until it is exhaled during the next respiratory cycle.p.435 |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______________is the amount of gas that can be forcefully inhaled after inspiration of the normal tidal volume. This amount is usually ________mL. p.435 |
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Definition
| inspiratory reserve volume and 2000 to 3000mL |
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Term
| The ______________is the amount of gas that can be forcefully exhaled after expiration of the normal tidal volume.The volume is approximately? ______mL p.435 |
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Definition
| expiratory reserve volume and about 1200mL |
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Term
| The ______________ is the gas that remains in the respiratory system after forced expiration. Normal volume is?__________mL p.435 |
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Definition
| residual volume and 1000 to 1200ml |
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Term
| The _______capacity is the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve. This capacity relects the amount of gas a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration about _______mL. p.435 |
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Definition
| inspiratory capacity and about 3500 mL |
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Term
| The __________________capacity is the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume.This capcity reflects the amount of gas remaining in the lungs at the lungs at the end of a normal expiration. Its about______mL p.435 |
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Definition
| Functional residual capacity and 2300mL |
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Term
| The _________capacity is the volume of gas that can move on deepest innspiration and expiration or the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume. The capacity is about _________mL. p.435 |
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Definition
| Vital capacity and 4600mL |
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Term
| The total lung capacity is the sum of the ______capacity and the _______volume which is about ______mL |
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Definition
| vital capacity, residual volume and 5800mL |
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Term
| How do you find a pt minute volume mathmatically? |
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Definition
| muliply the tidal volume by the repiratory rate. |
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Term
| The amount of inspired gas available for gas exchange during 1 min is refferred to as the ________ventilation p.437 |
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Definition
| minute alveolar ventilation |
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Term
| How do you calculate the minute alveolar ventilation. p.437 |
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Definition
| subtract the amount of dead space from the tidal volume and then multiply the repiratory rate |
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Term
| The mixture of gases that make up the atmosphere exerts a combined partial pressure. This pressure is measure in ________or ________ |
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Definition
| millimeters of mercury or torr. |
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Term
| Concentration of the Atmospheric gas Nitrogen,oxygen, carbon dioxide, water? |
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Definition
| 597 Torr(78.62%), 159 Torr(20.84%), 0.3 torr(0.5%), and 3.7 Torr(6.2% |
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Term
| Concentration of Aveolar gases. Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, and water. |
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Definition
| 569 torr(74.9%), 104 torr(13.7%), 40 torr(5.2), and 47 torr(6.2%) |
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Term
| _________is the chemical changes that occur in the body. p.439 |
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Definition
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Term
| _________is the tendency for molecules in solution to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. p.439 |
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Definition
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Term
| The partial pressure of the free gas (Po2) in the ______is greater than the (po2) of the dissolved oxygen in the ________. p.440 |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide into the ________. p.441 |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen is present in the blood in two forms. It is physically ___________in the blood . It also is chemically bound to _____________molecules. p.442 |
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Definition
| dissolved and hemoglobin(Hb) molecules |
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Term
| Oxygen is present in the blood in two forms. It is physically ___________in the blood . It also is chemically bound to _____________molecules. p.442 |
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Definition
| dissolved and hemoglobin(Hb) molecules |
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Term
| Tests that can be used in the field to monitor the oxygen content of blood and gas exchange. |
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Definition
| pulse oximetry monitoring, peak expiratory flow testing, end tidal carbon dioxide monitoring, and esophageal detection device. |
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Term
| Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three major forms. p.442 |
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Definition
| plasma, blood proteins, and bicarnonate ions |
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Term
| Depressed Respiratory Drive that affect blood oxygenation p.445 |
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Definition
| head injury and CNS depressent |
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Term
| paralysis of respiratory muscles that affect blood oxygenation p.445 |
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Definition
| spinal injury , inhalation injury, neuromuscular diseases |
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Term
| increased resistance in the respiratory airways that affect blood oxygenation p.445 |
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Definition
| asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, congestion |
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Term
| decreased compliance of the lungs and thoracic wall that affect blood oxygenation p.445 |
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Definition
| interstitial lung disease as a result of inhalation of toxic substances, infection(pneumonia, tuberculosis), lung cancer, connective tissue diseases, chronic pulmonary hypertension |
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Term
| chest wall abnormalitites that affect blood oxygenation p.445 |
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Definition
| chest wall injury(flail chest), scoliosis, eschar(full thickness burn contractions) |
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Term
| decreased suface area for gas exchange that affect blood oxygenation p.445 |
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Definition
| emphysema, tuberculosis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, atelectasis |
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Term
| increased thickness of the respiratory membrane that affect blood oxygenation p.445 |
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Definition
| pulmonary edema(caused by heart failure, pneumonia, infections), interstitial fibrosis |
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Term
| ventilation and perfusion mismatching that affect blood oxygenation p.445 |
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Definition
| asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary embolus, pulmonary edema, myocardial infarction, respiratory distress syndrome, shock |
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Term
| reduced capacity of the blood to transport oxygen that affect blood oxygenation p.445 |
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Definition
| anemias, hemoglobin, alterations, carbon monoxide poisoning, methemoglobinemia |
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Term
| Oxygen free hemoglobin binds more readily to _________than hemoglobin binds with __________.p.443 |
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Definition
| carbon dioxide and oxygen |
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Term
| ______________ can lead to a decrease in the blood Pco2, vasodilation of the peripheral blood vessels, a decrease in blood pressure, or a combination of these effects p.443 |
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Definition
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Term
| The inspiratory muscles are the _____________ and ________ muscles. |
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Definition
| diaphagm and intercoastal muscles |
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Term
| two distanct neural mechanisms are responsible for the basic respiratory rhythm established by the inspiratory and expiratory centers_____________and _________p.445 |
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Definition
| the vagal reflex(Hering Breuer reflex) and the pneumotixic center. |
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Term
| hering breuer reflex limits ___________.It also prevents overinflation of the lungs. |
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Definition
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