Term
| Primary functions of the kidneys |
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Definition
| regulation of extracellular fluid |
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Term
| How does the kidney regulate extracellular fluid? |
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Definition
| through the formation of urine |
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Term
| What do the kidneys regulate? 5 things |
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Definition
| blood volume, BP, concentration of electrolytes, concentration of waste products, pH balance |
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Term
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Definition
| regulation of urethral sphincters |
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Term
| What system controls involuntary section of urination? |
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Definition
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Term
| conscious urination occurs when descending motor tracts to the micturition center _____ contraction of the urethral sphincter |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the flow of filtrate in the beginning of the kidney? |
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Definition
| through the pore, a web of podocytes into the glomerular or Bowman's capsule |
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Term
| what is the glomerular filtration rate for women and men |
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Definition
| 115 ml/min for women 125 for men |
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Term
| What is glomerular filtration rate regulated by? |
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Definition
| the macula densa in the ascending limb - tubuloglomerular feedback |
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Term
| What is obligatory water loss? |
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Definition
| 400 mls per day, and the minimum level of urine to remove toxins from the body |
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Term
| TF glomerular filtrate has the same osmolality as plasma |
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Definition
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Term
| in the proximal tubule: the kidney cells pump Na through the _____ side of the tubule into the ______ |
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Definition
| basolateral, interstitial space ( this creates a gradient in the renal epithelial cells of the proximal tubule ) |
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Term
| in the proximal tubule: the osmotic pressure of the interstitial space (after Na is pumped into it) is ____ than the lumen, so water moves ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Is reabsorption in the proximal tubule subject to hormonal control? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the proximal tubule: where are Na/K ATPases? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in the proximal tubule: Where are Na transporters? |
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Definition
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Term
| What transport mechanisms are present in the proximal tubule? |
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Definition
| Primary active transport, secondary active transport, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis |
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Term
| in the proximal tubule: What creates the gradient? |
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Definition
| Na/K ATPase in the basolateral membrane. |
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Term
| in the proximal tubule: how does glucose get into the kidney cell? |
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Definition
| 2 active transport: cotransport with Na to balance gradient that has been formed |
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Term
| in the proximal tubule: why does chlorine come in? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in the proximal tubule: how does glucose get into the intersticial space/ capillary? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in the proximal tubule: how does water get into kidney cell? |
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Definition
| follows the NaCl (osmosis) |
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Term
| What is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule? |
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Definition
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Term
| TF in the proximal tubule, fluid is no longer isoosmotic |
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Definition
| F: water and salt leave in the same concentration |
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Term
| How does the [solute] keep getting higher when the descending LoH pumps out water? |
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Definition
| the water is being reabsorbed by the vasa recta |
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Term
| What is the point of the countercurrent exchagne? |
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Definition
| to maintain the salt gradient that was formed by getting h2o out of interstitial space |
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Term
| Define countercurrent exchange mechanism |
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Definition
| maintaining hypertonicity of the renal medulle |
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Term
| TF both kidney tubules and the vasa recta use aquaporins |
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Definition
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Term
| the fluid surrounding the collecting duct is of ____ osmolality. how is the filtrate inside? |
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Definition
| high (filtrate inside is of low osmolality |
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Term
| the medullary region of the collecting duct is _____ to salt but _____ to water |
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Definition
| impermeable to salt but permeable to water |
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Term
| Water that is drawn out of CD into interstitial space does not dilute the intersticial environment. Why? |
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Definition
| it is immediately transported into capillaries |
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Term
| how does the collecting duct become more permeable to water? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in diabetes insipidus, what is inadequate? |
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Definition
| inadequate secretion of ADH (endocrine system), synthesis of ADH receptors, and synthesis of aquaporin channels |
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Term
| What happens to CD permeability to H20 with diabetes insipudus? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a waste product of amino acid metabolism |
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Term
| What contributes and helps to maintain the osmolality of the interstitial fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| TF some waste products are secreted |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the removal of excess ions and waste products by the kidney |
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Term
| How do ions and waste products enter the kidneys? |
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Definition
| enter as part of the glomerular filtrate |
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Term
| How do substances get into the renal tubules? |
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Definition
| they are secreted into the interstitial fluid by the capillaries and are transported into the renal tubules |
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Term
| How do hydrophobic drugs enter the urine? |
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Definition
| through secretion involving carrier molecules. since they are bound to plasma proteins, they do not enter glomerular filtrate |
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Term
| What are polyspecific transporters |
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Definition
| they transport specific types of molecules |
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Term
| What do we need to know about penicillin? |
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Definition
| it is rapidly secreted in urine |
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Term
| Glucose and amino acids are readily found in the filtrate TF. They are present in urne. TF |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does glucose and amino acid reabsorption occur? |
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Definition
| the proximal tubule by secondary active transport |
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Term
| In the absence of aldosterone,how much Na is reabsorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the primary site for aldosterone action? |
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Definition
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Term
| When you have maximum aldosterone secreted, how much sodium is absorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of K is reabsorbed in the early regions of the nephron? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the absense of alsosterone, how much K is reabsorbed in the collecting duct? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What can product fatal cardiac arrhythmias? |
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Definition
| hyperkalemia - causes depolarization and can shut down sodium channels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What may results from excessive aldosterson secretion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can make arrhythmias in the heart? |
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Definition
| hypokalemia and hyperkalemia |
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Term
| What can cause muscle weakness? |
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Definition
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Term
| High blood K stimulates what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one cause of aldosterone secretion? |
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Definition
| low blood Na and blood volume decrease |
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Term
| What stimulates release of ANP? |
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Definition
| increase in blood volume by stretching of atria of the heart |
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Term
| What opposes the action of aldosterone and promotes Na excretion indirectly |
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Definition
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Term
| What induces kidneys to lower blood volume? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does H enter filtrate |
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Definition
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Term
| H secretion occurs across proximal tubule wall in exchange for -_____ in _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| How does H+ enter the filtrate - 3 things |
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Definition
| filtration through glomeruli, secretion across proximal tubule wall in exchange for Na+ in Na/H antiporter, secretion in conjuction with K in the collecting duct |
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