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| maintained that clergy should not be subservient to kings and that all clergy should come directly under that authority |
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| condemned under penalty of excommunication the well-established custom of a king appointing bishops to administer his estates, “investing” them with the ring and staff that symbolized their ecclesiastical office. |
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| considered Pope Gregory’s action a direct challenge to his authority. Was excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII |
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| most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. Although the principal conflict began in 1075 between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, a brief but significant struggle over investiture. |
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| Wars directed by the church against infidels and heretics |
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| Sunni Kurd who is well-known in the West for his battles with the Crusaders. |
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| An association of merchants or craftsmen that offered protection to its members and set rules for their work and products. |
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| Method of study based on logic and dialectic that dominated the medieval schools. It assumed that truth already existed, students had only to organize, elucidate, and defend knowledge learned from authoritative texts, especially those of Aritotle and the Church Fathers. |
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| was the boldest and most controversial of the advocatesfor the new Aristotelian learning. |
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| Monks and nuns who belong to religious orders |
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| Parish clergy who did not belong to a religious order |
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| The everyday language spoken by the people, as opposed to Latin |
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| established a strong monarchy but kept Anglo-Saxon practices |
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| The “Great Charter” limiting royal power that the English nobility forced King John to sign in 1215. |
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| the French dynasty that ruled France a.d. 987–1328 in the direct line. Founded by Hugh Capet |
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| the grandson of Philip Augustus, embodied the medieval view of the perfect ruler. He inherited a unified and secure Kingdom |
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| started when a English king claimed French throne |
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| leadership inspired and created a sense of national identity snf self-confidence, helped French expel English |
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| bubonic plague that killed millions of Europeans in the fourteenth century |
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| issued a bill, Clericis Laicos, which forbade lay taxations if the clergy without prior papal approval |
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| unleashed a ruthless antipapal campaign |
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| appearance of two, and at times three, rival popes between 1378 and 1415 |
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| The revival of ancient learning and the supplanting of traditional religious beliefs by new secular and scientific values that began in Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. |
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| The study of the Latin and Greek classics and of the Church Fathers both for their own sake and to promote a rebirth of ancient norms and values. |
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| Francis, the father of humanism, celebrated ancient Rome in his writings and tirelessly collected ancient manuscripts. |
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| Vita Nuova and Divine Comedy form cornerstones of Italian vernacular literature |
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| became convinced that Italian political unity and independence were ends that justified the means. |
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| Russia's dominant city, fell in 1240 by Mongol invaders |
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| Name given to the Mongol rulers of Russia from 1240 to 1480. |
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| brought all of northern Russia under Moscow's control and ended Mongol rule in 1480. |
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| replaced Kiev as political and religious center of Russia |
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| subdued their realms, secured their borders, and ventured abroad militarily. Brought together Castile and Aragon. |
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| civil war in England between two branches of the rpyal family |
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| constantly challenged by the Duke of York |
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