Term
| pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell |
|
Definition
| progenitor cell for all blood/immune cells |
|
|
Term
| common lymphoid progenitor |
|
Definition
| progenitor cell of B cells, Tcells, NK cells and NK-T cells |
|
|
Term
| common myeloid progenitor |
|
Definition
| progenitor of granulocyte/macrophage progenitor, and megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor |
|
|
Term
| granulocyte/macrophage progenitor |
|
Definition
| progenitor of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, precurosors of mast cells, and monocytes |
|
|
Term
| megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenetor |
|
Definition
| progenitor of megakaryocyte and erythroblast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has antigen receptors and differentiate in the thymus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have antigen receptors and differentiate in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have a multi lobed nucleus, cytoplasmic granules, migrate out of connective tissue and become phagocytic. first line of defense in acute infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quite large, eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules that can refract light, bilobed nucleus, congregate in connective tissue in allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dark blue, basophilic granules, lobed nucleus, granules contain principly histamine and heparin, activated in response to immunologically mediated hypersensitivity reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only a little larger than a RBC, very little cytoplasm, large nucleus, involved in the adaptive immune response, T cells, B cells, and NK cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large cells that reside in connective tissues throughout the body, contain large granules including the vasoactive amin histimine, have high affinity Fc(e) receptors that allow them to bind IgE monomers that lead to degranulation, play a critical role in allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large granular cells, kill virus infected cells and some tumor cells, important in innate immunity and in antibody dependent cell mediated cytoxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| express NK1.1, express Tcell receptor, virus defense and involved in adaptive immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large phagocytic cells important as scavenger receptor cells, as pathogen recognition cells and a source of pro-inflammatory cytokines, antigen presenting cell, effector phagocytic cells in humoral and cell-medated immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone marrow derived, antigen presenting, more effective at antigen presenting that macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take up antigen in peripheral tissues and travel to secondary lymphoid tissues and stimulate T cell response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take up and present antigen, but their main function is to produce IFNs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| present antigen to B cells in lymphoid follicles |
|
|
Term
| throracic duct into the subclavian vein |
|
Definition
| lymphatic fluid enters the bloodstream from this duct and enters this vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| below the thyroid gland, grows during childhood, regresses after puberty, contans T cells that supply other tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T cells in the thymus can only be regenerated up to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
| after T cell depletion in the thymus, repopulation is accomplished by production in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer's patches, located where antigens could gain access to blood or lymph, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| migrate constantly through blood and lymph, enhances chance that antibody will encounter it's antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a general response to anything other than recognized "self cells" |
|
|
Term
| skin and mucous membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanical barrier retards entry of microbes, acidic environment pH 3-5 retards growth of microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal flora compete with microbes for attachment sites and nutrients, mucus entraps foreign microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| Temperature, Low pH, and chemical barriers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal body T inhibits growth of some pathogents, importance of fever response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acidity of stomach kills most ingested microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (did not talk about in class), lysozyme cleaves bacterial cell wall, IFNs induce antiviral state in uninfected cells, complement lyses microorganisms or facilitates apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resets hypothalamic thermostat to a higher temperature, interleukin 1B for example, released by WBCs in response to endotoxins from gram negative bacteria, also increase sleepiness and decreased plasma Fe to inhibit bacterial activity |
|
|
Term
| phagocytic endocytic barriers |
|
Definition
| barrier formed by cells that can phagocytose microorganisms, and cells that can endocytose foreign macromolecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| barrier formed by tissue damage and infections that induce leakage of vascular fluid that contains proteins with antibacterial activity and influx phagocytic cells into the infected area |
|
|
Term
| Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) |
|
Definition
| molecules shared by groups of related microbes that are essential for the survival of those organisms and not found associated with mammalian cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PAMP for gram negative bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PAMP for gram positive bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also expressed on stressed, injured, infected, or transformed human cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors for PAMPs displayed on some immune cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does not improve with repeated exposure to infection |
|
|
Term
1. phagocytic cells
2. cells that release inflammatory mediators
3. NK cells
4. complement, acute phase proteins, and cytokines |
|
Definition
| What is involved in the innate immune system (4 items) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempt by the body to restore and maintain homeostasis after injury |
|
|
Term
1. Smooth muscle in larger blood vessels contracts
2. endothelial cells contract to increase space between (vasodilation) |
|
Definition
| two things blood vessels do during inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Extravasation or diapedesis |
|
Definition
| adhesion molecules are activated on the surface of the endothelial cells, integrins on leukocytes attach to the adhesion molecules and then squeeze between the cells |
|
|
Term
1. attachment of bacteria to envaginations of pseudopodia
2. ingestion, phagosome
3. fusion with lysosome
4. digestion
5. release of digestion products |
|
Definition
| what are the 5 steps of phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Receptor-mediated pinocytosis |
|
Definition
| what is the alternative to phagocytosis that we don't need to know any details about |
|
|
Term
| released cytokines can promote cell replication and inflammation while blocking apoptosis |
|
Definition
| role nof inflammation in cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| role of inflammation in heart disease |
|
|
Term
| cytokines interfere with the normal function of insulin |
|
Definition
| role of inflammation on diabetes |
|
|
Term
| microglial cells interact with the beta-amyloid proteins, inflamation cytokines and free radicals destroy neurons |
|
Definition
| role of inflammation on alzheimer's disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acquired ability to defend against specific pathogens by prior exposure to those pathogens
anthgenic specificity, diversity, immunologic memory, self/non-self recognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when lymphocytes that bind self antigen are eliminated before they become mature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the group of naive lymphocytes, each has an antigen receptor specifically for a single chemical structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term for when naive T cells are activated ant start to divide into T effector cells |
|
|
Term
| clonal selection hypothesis |
|
Definition
hypothesis that states,
each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor specificity
binding to the antigen leads to activation
devision of T cell to effector cells with same receptor
lymphocytes bearing self receptors are eliminated at an early stage in lymphoid delvelopment-absent from mature lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules that elicit the production of antibodies, usually large and foreign |
|
|
Term
| antigenic determinant sites |
|
Definition
| different sites on an antigen that stimulate production of, and bind to different antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop from lymphocytes in the thymus, do not secrete antibodies, attack infected host cells, cancer, and foreign cells, 65 to 85% of blood lymphocytes, found in germinal centers of lymph nodes and spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T cells provide what type of immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fight bacterial infections by secreting antibodies into blood and lymph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B cells provide what type of immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effector function of the antibody or receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name the 5 classes of the heavy chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when cleaved, crystallizable fragment, constant among different antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when cleaved, the arms of antibody, contains the antigen binding fragment-the variable regen that confers antibody specificity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recognize the surface antigen on pathogens living outside cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deal with pathogens that have entered host cells, help activate B cells, TCR binds peptide fragment on MHC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area of lymph node where pathogens, DCs, T cells and B cells are located and where some activation of naive cells occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of red cell disposal in the spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in spleen, lymphocytes surrounding arterioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in spleen white pulp, area of many T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of spleen white pulp, contains blood-bone microbes, soluble Ag, Ag-Ab complexes are filtered from the blood by Mfand immature DCs, activated DCs then move into T cell areas |
|
|
Term
1. Mucosal-associated tissues (MALT)
2. Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT)
3. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT)
4. Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (BALT) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and Peyer's patches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second signal, delivered by another call by means of cell-surface molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contact with Ag without accompanying co-stimulatory molecules inactivate naive T cells rather than activating leading to clonal depletion or an inactive status |
|
|
Term
| Dendritic cells, Macrophages, and B cells |
|
Definition
| The three antigen presenting cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| originate in marrow then move to areas where pathogens may arise, engulf antigen, partially digest it and then display on surface, migrate then to secondary lymphoid organs and secrete cytokines to attract T-cells |
|
|
Term
| histocompatibility antigens |
|
Definition
| Antigen fragments associate with this on the surface of presenting cells and are necessary to activate T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main form of antibodies in circulation, production increased after immunization, secreted during secondary response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Main antibody type in external secretions, such as saliva and mother's milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for allergic symptoms in immediate hypersensitivity reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Function as antigen receptors on lymphocyte surface prior to immunization, secreted during primary response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Function as antigen receptors on lymphocyte surface prior to immunization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B cells that produce about 2000 antibodies/sec that are specific for original antigen |
|
|
Term
| antigen independent diversity |
|
Definition
| recombination of a few hundred genes for heavy chains and few hundred genes for the light chains, type of antigen diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high rate of single base pair mutations that occurs as B cells undergo proliferation in secondary lymphoid tissues in response to foreign antigens |
|
|
Term
| class switch recombination |
|
Definition
| there is a switch in constant regions of heavy chains of antibodies so that IgM are converted to IgA or IgE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibodies bind and neutralize a bacteria toxin, cannot react with host receptors, important in protecting against viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies coat antigen and then phagocytes recognize the coated antigen, bound antibodies can also activate complement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of nonspecific defense system, help to opsonize and lyse bactera/antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complement pathway triggered by binding of antibodies to antigens and can bind bacteria surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to mannose residues on bacterial surface, part of complement system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by C5-C9 (complement fixation), puts a hole the intruder cell lysing it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phagocytes have this receptor that bridges complement and phagocytation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release from mast cells stimulated by C3a and C5a which increases blood flow and capillary permeability bringing in more phagocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recognize cells infected by vius, have the capacity to kill the infected cell directly via caspase-dependent mechanism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are responsible for the cell mediated immune response |
|
|
Term
| cell-mediated destruction |
|
Definition
| must be in contact with victum cell, killed by secreting perforins and granzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| create a pore in victums membrane and cause lysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause destruction of victums DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| introduces proliferation and activation of T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| induces proliferation of activate T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates proliferation of bone marrow stem cells and mast cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates proliferation of activated B cells, promotes production of IgE antibodies, increases activity of cytotoxic T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| induces activation of cytotoxic T cells, promotes eosinophil differentiation and serves as chemokine for eosinophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates proliferation and activation of T and B lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Granulocyte/monocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) |
|
Definition
| Stimulates proliferation and differentiation of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated by intracellular infected macrophages, stimulates phagocytic vesicles to fuse with lysosomes, done to avoid tissue damage and to save energy |
|
|
Term
| thymus dependent activation |
|
Definition
| antibody response to protein antigens require antigen specific T cell help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| histocompatibility antigens |
|
Definition
| on the surface of all cells except for RBCs |
|
|
Term
| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
|
Definition
| histocompatibility antigens are enconded by 4 genes on chromosome 6 known as, create many MHC types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on all cells except for RBCs, collect peptides derived from protein synthesized in the cytosol and display fragments of viral proteins on the cell surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made only by antigen presenting cells and B cells, bind peptides derived from proteins in intracellular vesicles, and thus display peptides derived from pathogens lifing in macrophage vesicles or internalized by phagocytic cells and B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CD8 T cells interact only with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CD4 T cells interact only with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to produce antibodies againse non-self antigens while tolerating self-antigens, occurs during the first month of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Killer T cells that attack self-antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tolerance occurs because T cells that recognize self antigens are destroyed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymphocytes directed agains self antigens are present throughout life but don't attack self antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanisms that occur in thymus or bone marrow, T cell apoptosis and B cell clonal deletion and anergy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves complex mechanixm that produces anergy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immune protection produced by transfer of antibodies from a doner that has been actively immunized, used to treat snake bite, rabies, tetanus, and hepatitis |
|
|
