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| Military power thought to be important quality of ruler. Infantry became important. Gustavus Adolphus used infantry to fire muskets then charge with pikes. Military training led to higher taxes and military being burden of whole country. |
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| 17th century population changes |
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| Declined because of war/famine/plague/"little ice age" |
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| Ultimate authority of king by divine right, absolute monarchy = King Louis XIV of France |
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| Studied human anatomy with practical research (Galen). Published ON THE FABRIC OF THE HUMAN BODY. Dissected bodies/examined them. Corrected Galen that blood vessels came from heart not liver. |
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| Embraced by Catholics. Renaissance art with religious/spiritual revival. Tried to arouse emotions. Bernini(St. Peter's Basilica). Gentilleschi (Female, painted heroes from Old Testament) |
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| Excommunicated from Amsterdam synagogue. Rejected Descartes' ideas. Believed god was everything (monism). Said that rationalism could be used to explain everything, including human emotions and god in nature. |
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| French Scientist, united science and Christianity. Pascal believed faith could be used to explain everything in the universe. Pascal's wager=worth it to believe in god. |
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| Informal gatherings in London/Oxford. Began under kind Charles II in 1662. Received little governmental encouragement. Worked to improve industry. |
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| Fronde revolts, ruled while Louis XIV was young. |
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| Louis XIII Chief minister. Strengthened Richelieu's power by private armies, fortified cities for Huguenots, and crushed aristocratic conspiracies with spies. |
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| Descartes' idea of separation of mind and matter. |
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| Published ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY SPHERES. Challenged Ptolemy/Aristotle by proposing heliocentric universe. Kept Ptolemy's idea of epicycles and Aristotle's principle of circular orbit. |
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| Dialogue on Two World Systems |
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| Written by Galileo in Italian. Defended Copernicus. Galileo brought before inquisition and put under house arrest. |
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| Dutch Republic's Golden Age |
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| 17th century. Netherlands=Atlantic power. |
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| German. Invented optical telescope in 1590...later perfected by Galileo. |
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| The idea first thought of by Copernicus that planets revolve around the sun, in his ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY BODIES |
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| The use of math to dominate nature...Hermeticists=Newton, Galileo, Copernicus, and Kelper |
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| Court preacher who believed in divine right of kings that gave them absolute authority. |
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| Minister of finances under Louis XIV. Believer in mercantilism, and spread its principles throughout France. Gained Louis money, but he spent the money faster than he could collect revenues. |
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| Counteracted the Edict of Nantes. Issued by Louis XIV. Called for destruction of Huguenot churches/schools...Louis wanted religious harmony in France. |
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| Brahe's German assistant. Abandoned theology for math and astronomy. Music of the spheres=exploration of geometric universe. 3 laws of planetary motion |
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| English political thinker who was against absolutism. Liked democracy. Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Believed in equality/freedom of men and that men had inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property. Believe that citizens mutually agree to form government to preserve rights. |
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| Cardinal Richelieu was his chief minister. Tried to make absolutism by eliminating competition...hired intendants to execute opposition. Finance was corrupt during his rule. |
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| Under William and Mary. Gave Parliament the right to make/levy taxes, approve armies, free elections and debates. Citizens could petition, bear arms, trial, and no excessive bail. Laid foundation for the constitutional monarchy. |
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| Rejected Copernicus/Kepler/Galileo. Created new scientific method that went study specific to conclude generally. He wanted science to benefit industry. |
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| Informal scientific meetings in Paris led to recognition by Louis XIV in 1666 as organization. Controlled by government(received gov. support). Worked and studied to better industry. Influenced German scientific societies. |
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| 2nd century physician. Studied disease (imbalance in bodily humors), anatomy (by dissecting animal bodies), and physiology (2 blood systems: veins and arteries) |
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| Idea of Claudius Ptolemy that everything revolved around Earth. |
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| Hand picked ministers to help him, had many intendants and a large army. |
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| Female scientist during 17th century. From an aristocratic background. Made many scientific achievements but was excluded from the Royal Society. Wrote OBSERVATIONS UPON EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY AND GROUNDS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. |
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| Built/residence of Louis XIV. Brought all French officials to one household. Became symbol for Louis XIV's absolute power. Had many daily ceremonies/ a strict court etiquette. Allowed nobles to feel important, but have little political importance in French society. |
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| Peter the Great - Policies |
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| Traveled to western Europe and brought back western ideas to Russia. Built an army of peasants and the first Russian navy. Made the senate to rule while Peter was on militaristic affairs(ineffective). Constructed the system of colleagues which was a board of people with specific jobs (ineffective due to corrupt ruling). Table of Ranks was made and was a group of nobles who had to serve country and could rise the 14 levels by merit. Peter instituted mercantilistic ideas and took control of the Russian orthodox church. Made English manners law. |
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| Passed by Parliament as a result of the dispute between Parliament and Charles I...forced the king to not tax with out Parliament consent and disallowed the king to arbitrarily incarcerate his enemies. |
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| Philip IV of Spain - Policies |
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| His reign was dominated by his chief minister, Gaspar de Guzman who worked to revive interests of the monarch and church. Spanish involvement in the 30 years war led to the downfall in the 1640s (led to internal revolt). Spain gave up the Netherlands as a result of the Peace of West. and the Peace of Pyrenees gave France Spanish territory. |
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| Work of Sir Isaac Newton- in it explains his 3 laws of motion, his universal law of gravitation, and his belief that the universe was a machine that obeyed the natural laws. |
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| Believed in a geocentric universe (appealed to Catholic Church). Believed planets rode epicycles in orbits. Thought that the Earth was surrounded by a crystalline substance. his 10 spheres surrounded the earth the outermost being Empyrean Heaven. |
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| Galileo's struggle with the Catholic Church was the beginning of the rivalry. Benedict Spinoza was excommunicated by the Amsterdam synagogue for rejecting Judaism. Believed that religion and science were directly related. Pascal wager said it was worth believing in god. Pascal believed religion/faith were the final step in understanding an infinite world because reason could not explain an infinite world. |
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| Born to lower French nobility. His beliefs reflected doubt/certainty in a world of confusion during the 17c.Had an epiphany while fighting 30 years war...left army to study. DISCOURSE ON METHOD explained duality between mind (couldn't be doubted) and the material world/body (could be doubted). Used rationalism to explain everything. |
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| The brains behind the Gunpowder Plot to kill King James I because he was a Protestant King while him and his followers were Catholic. |
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| Ideas of Francis Bacon and Descartes, but combined by Isaac Newton. Bacon believed studies should be done on inductive reasoning on obersvation and experiment, but Descartes believed in deduction and mathematical proof. The scientific method was a way about answering questions using systematic observations to reach general conclusions. |
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| Revolutions in astronomy (Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton), mechanics (Hans Lippershey, Galileo, Schickard, Pascal, and Savery), and medicine (Galen, Paracelsus, Vesalius, and Harvey). |
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| Born in Woolthorpe, England. Went to Cambridge...left because of plague. When he returned home he invented calculus. Used his math to prove his universal law of gravitation. Wrote Principia. |
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| Last of religious wars. Between militant Calvinism/Catholicism. Also between French Bourbon and Habsburg. Fighting done in Germany. 1555 Peace of Augsburg ended warfare between German Catholics/Lutherans. Germany split into Frederick IV Protestant Union and Duke Maximillian Bavarian Catholic League of German States. War split up into 4 phases. Outcomes: Germany/Europe devastated, German princes allowed to chose religion of their state, and France/Sweden gained German land. Diminished HRE. |
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| English Inventor who patented first steam engine in 1698. |
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| Two Treatises of Government |
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| Written by John Locke- believed in equality/freedom of men, and men had the inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property-people mutually agreed to establish government to preserve their rights. People could establish new government if they didn't do their job in preserving the rights of citizens. |
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| Danish astronomer who built observatory. Stdied for 20 years. Rejected Aristotle/Ptolemy system and disagreed with Copernican belief that Earth moved.Became imperial mathematician to HRE Rudolf II. |
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| Universal Law of Gravitation |
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| Idea of Sir Isaac Newton that all bodies are attracted. The forces are stronger if the masses are bigger and the distances are shorter...this idea in Newton's PRINCIPIA. |
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| German polymath who made calculator before Pascal, but it was destroyed in a fire. |
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| Went to Cambridge/Padua. Published ON THE MOTION OF THE HEART AND BLOOD...corrected Galen that blood originated in the heart, and that the same blood made a full circuit around the body. |
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| Hunting witches thought to be duty of god. 100,000 accused. Condemned witches like Suzanne Gaudry "admitted" to witchcraft after torture. Witches were scapegoats during inter-religious tension-women mostly accused because they were "inferior." |
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| Early astronomer who believed planets moved on epicycles in circular orbits. |
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| Emerged after 17c. and 30 years war. Leopold I was monarch of Austria but not very centralized. Led Austria to gain a lot of territory in Europe, including parts of Italy after the Spanish War of Succession. |
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| Parliament v. King Charles I. Parliament victorious in 1st phase of war...Oliver Cromwell's Independents (militant puritans) and New Model Army (later split up into Independents/Presbyterians). Cromwell's army marched on London when king fled for help. They captured, tried, and beheaded him. Rump Parliament abolished monarchy until Charles II gets monarchy back. |
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| Rejected Baroque style...in favor of classical. Nicholas Pussin: classical, features clarity, logic and order, favor line of color...he was a major inspiration until 20c. Spent most of his time in Rome until forced to be First Painter to the King. |
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| In Italy then Northern Europe. Mannerist artists were imitators of Renaissance artists. Mannerism notable for intellectual sophistication as well as its artificial. DT (El Greco) was born in Crete but moved to Spain as a church painter. Painted a world of intense emotion, elongated figures, light shades on a turbulent gray background. "View of Toledo"=surviving landscape of Toledo by DT. |
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| 1st: Nobles of the Robe and Parlement allied against Mazarin (hated foreigner taking power from nobles...ended in compromise Declaration of October (reduced taxes/weakened intendents). 2nd (civil war): Nobles of the Sword defeated by the noble forces. Led people to trust the monarchy more. |
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| Tsar Peter the Great wanted to have a route to the west through the Baltic. Sweden stood in his way so he attacked Swede Charles XII with the aid of the Danish (Denmark crushed by undermined Charles). Peace of Nystadt gave Peter power to the Baltic countries and a route to the west. |
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| Plot of Robert Catesby with the help of others to bomb the opening of Parliament ceremony where the King (James I protestant) would be. They were Catholic so they wanted to kill him. They planned on renting a house near Plt and digging a tunnel underneath the road, and smuggling gunpowder underneath Plt and blowing it up from underneath. King got word of the plan and soldiers discovered Fawkes and the gunpowder. All the plotters were hanged, drawn, and quartered. |
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| One of the members of the Gunpowder Plot. He personally smuggled the gunpowder underground, and was the one waiting with it when discovered by the guards. |
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| He was a devout Catholic and elected Catholics to high positions despite the Parliamentary law preventing it (Test Act). He issued a new Declaration of Indulgences which suspended all laws preventing Catholics from office. The Glorious Revolution would follow as a result of his succession. |
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| ON THE FABRIC OF THE HUMAN BODY |
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| The book is based on Andreas Vesalius' Paduan lectures, during which he deviated from common practice by dissecting a corpse to illustrate what he was discussing. It presents a careful examination of the organs and the complete structure of the human body. This would not have been possible without the many advances that had been made during the Renaissance, including both the artistic developments and the technical development of printing. Because of this, he was able to produce illustrations superior to any that had been produced up to then. |
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| ON THE MOTION OF THE HEART AND BLOOD |
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| Published by William Harvey, corrected Galen that blood originated in the heart and the same blood circulated throughout the entire body. |
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| Ended The 30 years war in Germany. Allowed German states to determine their religion and be sovereign from the HRE. Gave France German territories. |
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