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Definition
| the ties between people, groups, and organizations |
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| a large group of people who live in the same area and participate in a common culture |
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| the study of societies and the social worlds that individuals inhabit within them |
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| the increased flow of good, money ideas, and people across national borders |
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| the capacity to think systematically about how many things we experience as personal problems (think beyond the individual) |
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beliefs about members of a group that are usually false or at least exaggerated, but are the basis of assumptions made about individual members of the group |
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any behavior, practice, or policy that harms, excludes, or disadvantages individuals on the basis of their group membership |
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overarching frameworks that suggest certain assumptions and assertions about the way the world works |
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ways of systematically studying sociological questions |
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| the influence of society on individuals |
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the way people act together, including how they modify and alter their behavior in response to the presence of others |
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the basic rules of society that help us know what is and is not appropriate to do in any situation (guidelines for our behavior) |
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the flip side of social interaction; the external forces, most notably in the social hierarchies and institutions of a society |
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a set of important social relationships that provide individuals and groups with different kinds of status |
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the longstanding and important practices as well as the organizations that regulate those practices (ex. economic markets/government) |
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position within an institution or organization that comes with specific rules or expectations about how to behave |
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| the study of societies as they are |
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| the process of social change |
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| the growth of factories and large-scale goods production |
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areas with a population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile and all surrounding areas that have an overall density of at least 500 people per square miles |
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organized associations of workers created in order to protect and fight for their rights |
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collective action aimed at bringing about some kind of change in society (action aimed at change) |
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pieces of a topic that a researcher bites off when she or he studies it |
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| Interdisciplinary Research |
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Definition
| an increasingly central part of learning about any topic in the social sciences |
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| sociologists who enter the everyday lives of those they study in the hopes of understanding how they navigate and give meaning to their worlds |
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| research the relies on statistical analysis of data |
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| research that relies on words, observations or pictures as data |
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| a way of creating a manageable bite of a larger topic so that you can more readily transmit its significance to others |
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| the tentative prediction we have about what we are going to discover before we begin the research |
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| the belief that one factor or phenomenon is leading to changes in another, that can’t be substantiated with the data accessible to us |
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| what we think we can know about the world and what we believe counts as evidence |
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| sociological belief that the only true way to gain knowledge about the world is to use the logic of the natural sciences |
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| sociological goal of understanding how people give meaning to social life, objects, and processes |
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| those conceptual frameworks that sociologists use to imagine and make sense of the world |
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| the belief systems that shape sociologists’ views of and perspectives on the world we study |
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| a set of guidelines that outline what is considered moral and acceptable behavior |
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| making participants decision to participate voluntary and based on a full understanding of possible risks and benefits involved |
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| Institutional Review Board (IRB) |
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Definition
| boards that review researchers proposals before any work can begin in order to assess their potential harm and benefits of the research for participants |
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Definition
| when we spell out the operations and techniques to be used to assess our key concepts |
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| the aspects of our research that we predict will fluctuate in relation to other variables |
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| the aspects of our research that we predict exist separate from other variables |
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Definition
1.Formulate research hypothesis based on the existing scholarship
2.Operationalize the variables key to the hypothesis and predict relationships among those variables
3.Collect data on the variables using a random sample
4.Hold other variables constant to determine if the relationship hypothesized between the key variables holds true
5.Draw empirical and conceptual generalizations from the data
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when, in using the same measurement technique in additional studies, there are similar results |
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| when the measurement a researcher uses is actually accurate |
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| sampling selected to mirror a larger population and to reflect its characteristics or dynamics |
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| when everyone or everything being studied has an equal chance of being selected for study |
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| the characteristics of the sample reflect those of the total population being studied |
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| person participating in the study |
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| information on the size, structure, or distribution of the population |
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Comparative-Historical Perspective |
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Definition
a method of analysis examining a social phenomenon over time or in different places (across time and place)
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| Cross-National Comparison |
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| explanation of the differences between countries |
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| when two social phenomenons appear together |
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| the process of drawing the conclusion that one thing is caused by another |
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| the apparent relationship between the first two factors when two factors seem to move in the same direction but both are themselves causes by something else (the outlying factor) |
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| data collected at one point in time |
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| data collected over a long period of time |
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| work carried out in foreign cultures |
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| rich and detailed descriptions of the ways they make sense of their lives, written from the perspective of those people themselves |
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| a way of doing ethnography that emphasizes its contribution to social theory |
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| when we interpret the data we’ve collected and look for patterns across it |
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| when a great deal of a researchers work occurs before data are collected |
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| a lot of the analytical work is saved for the post-data collection phase |
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| organizing data according to key categories and concepts |
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| visual images of the patterns forming in the data |
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| extended versions of research notes, usually organized analytically, that allow researchers work through their findings and the evidence they have to support them, as well as to make sure the analytical forest is not lost amid all the tress of data |
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| general claim about the issues posed by a research question |
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| Empirical Generalizability |
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| applying a conclusion from findings to a larger population |
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| Theoretical Generalizability |
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Definition
| applying a conclusion from findings to a larger sociological process |
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Definition
| the external forces, most notably social hierarchies, norms, and institutions, that provide the context for individual and group action |
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| a set of important social relationships that provides individuals and groups with different kinds of status |
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| the differences in endowments and valued goods held by individuals or families, such as income, wealth, status, or well-being |
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| individuals’ long-term possibilities and potential |
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| Intergenerational Social Mobility |
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| the movement of individuals from the social position of their parents into their own social position as adults |
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| metaphor used to describe the lack of progress women have made moving into valued executive positions |
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| the ability to influence the behavior of others |
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| the ability or right to have special access to opportunities or claims on rewards |
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| where a dominant group uses either legal or informal means to control opportunities and reduce or eliminate challenges from subordinate groups |
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| collective action aimed at bringing about some kind of change |
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| faulty generalizations about a subordinate group applied to all members of the group |
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| the study of population size |
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| a point where everyone becomes aware of changes and they are large enough to sustain some kind of important activity |
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| when individuals and families move to take up residence in a new country |
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| period when explicit racial laws and rules relegated the large African majority to second-class citizenship until they were undone in peaceful revolution in the early 1990s |
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enduring customs of social life |
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| the structure of coursework and content of a sequence of courses making up a program of study in a school or school system |
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| social networks that are unified by a common purpose, including government agencies |
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all of the agencies and offices of government, the legal system, the military, and the constitution that provides the basis for their respective roles
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| the bundle of programs that provide social insurance and social assistance for people falling into one or another category of attributes (such as old age, disability, or poverty) |
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| refers to what specific things an individual is expected to do |
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| the shift from one stage of life to another |
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| basic rule of society that helps us know what is and is not appropriate to do in any situation |
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the development of a set of specific habits |
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| different economic and social groups |
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| the view that emphasizes the ways in which social structure primarily determines our individual lives and behavior |
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| individual’s capacity to make free choices and exert their own wills |
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| the ways in which outcomes of the past impact actors and organizations in the present, making some choices or outcomes logical and others illogical |
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| organizations established to promote the concerns of a group or business corporation |
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