Term
Are the following specific or general terms to describe the cerebellum?
Asynergia, Dysmetria, Dysdiadochokinesia, Intention Tremor, Ataxia, Truncal Ataxia, Titubation. |
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Definition
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Term
Are the following specific or general terms to describe the cerebellum?
Uncoordination, Hypotonia, Dysarthria, Nystagmus, Nausea/Vomiting, Pendular. |
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Definition
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Term
| As a task or movement gets more complex what gets more involved? |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions mainly to regulate or control movemens, particularly skilled movements that are initiated by the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
| Has the ability to compare actual ad intended movement and make adjustments in that movement via connections with other motor system structures. |
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Term
| Functions to maintain or regulate postue, muscle tone, and equilibrium. |
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Definition
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Term
| Receives a continuous stream of inputs from receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints and skin and from vestibular, visual, and auditory centers. |
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| Is the cerebellum involved in conscious perception? |
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Term
| Receives input from cortical association and motor areas |
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Definition
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Term
| Cerebellar ___ reach the brain stem, the spinal cord, and the cortex via the VL and VA nuclei of the thalamus which also receie basal ganglia efferents |
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Definition
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Term
| Pathologies involving this structure include disturbances of voluntary movement, gait, muscle tone and equilibrium |
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Term
| The inability to adjust to the impulses innervating various muscles participating in a movement so that the range, direction, and force of movements is altered |
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| Name the 3 things that the cerebellum structurally consists of |
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Definition
Cerebellar Cortex
Medullary Substance
Deep Cerebellar Nuclei |
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Term
| Superficial mantle of gray matter, composed of numerous transverse oriented folia that serve to increase surface area. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of deep cerebellar nuclei are there? |
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| Name the 4 pairs of deep cerebellar nuclei in order from lateral to medial. |
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Definition
Dentate
Globose
Emboliform
Fastigial |
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Term
| What are the globose and emboliform nuclei referred to together? |
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Definition
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Term
| Embedded in the white matter |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 3 lobes of the cerebellum |
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Definition
Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular |
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Term
| What is the largest lobe of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
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Term
| The part of the cerebellum that lies rostral to the primary fissure. |
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| Divides the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum |
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Term
| The largest and phylogenetically newest part of the cerebellum |
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| Phylogenetically the oldest part of the cerebellum and most closely related to the vestibular system |
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Term
| A highly infolded structure with a large surface area but idential morphology throughout |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex |
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Definition
Molecular Layer
Purkinje Cell Layer
Granular Layer |
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Term
| The molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex contains 2 types of neurons. |
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Definition
Basket Cells
Stellate Cells |
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Term
| Which layer of the cerebellar cortex contains processes of other neurons, particularly dendrites of the Purkinje cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Other than the cerebellum, where else can you find Purkinje Cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Contains great numbers of large, flask-shaped neurons whose extensive dendrites reach cloe to the surface of the molecular layer. |
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Definition
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Term
| Regularly arranged with elaborate dendritic trees spread out on a plane at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the folia, enabling purkinje cells to receive input from connection with climbing fibers and granule cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do purkinje cells receive input from? |
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Definition
| Connection with climbing fibers and granule cells |
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Term
| The output cell of the cerebellar cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| Most axons of purkinje cells penetrate what layer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most axons of purkinje cell penetrate the granular layer and extend into the white matter to terminate where? |
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Definition
| The deep cerebellar nuclei |
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Term
| Some pukinje cell axons bypass the deep cerebellar nuclei to terminate where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibitory to their target nuclei |
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Definition
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Term
| The granular layer of the cerebellar cortex contains 2 types of neurons. |
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Definition
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Term
| Main cell type in the granular layer that is densely packed |
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Definition
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Term
| The axons of granule cells extend into the molecular layer and split into a t-shape to form what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The parallel fibers runa long the longitudinal axis of the folia, making synapses with what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Afferents to the cerebellum convey impulses primarily to where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Inputs to the cerebellum arrive primarily via what? |
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Definition
1. Inferior cerebellar peduncle (dorsal spinocerebellar, vestibulocerebellar, reticulocerebellar, olivocerebellar, and cuneocerebellar fibers)
2. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (corticopontine/pontocerebellar fibers)
3. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (ventral spinocerebellar fibers) |
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Term
| Cerebellar afferent fibers include __ fibers which are thin fibers originating in the inferior olivary nuclei |
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Definition
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Term
| Cerebellar afferent fibers include climbing fibers which wind along purkinje dendrites, and thick __ fibers which end in the granular layer where the synapse with what? |
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Definition
Mossy
Granule Cell Dendrites |
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Term
| Cerebellar efferent fibers arise from all of the deep cerebellar nuclei and from specific regions of the cerebellar cortex and take one of the following 3 routes. |
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Definition
1. Cortex to vestibular nuclei
2. Efferentsin Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
3.Efferents in the infeior cerebellar peduncle |
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Term
| Direct projections arising from the cortex of the vermis and from the flocculonodular lobe pass to the ipsilateral vestibular nuclear complex |
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Definition
| Cortex to vestibular nuclei |
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Term
| These fibers arise in the deep cerebellar nuclei (dentate, emboliform, and globose) |
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Definition
| Efferents in te superior cerebellar peduncle |
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Term
Can either:
1. ascend through the contralateral red nucleus of the thalamus (VL) and ultimately to the primary motor corte (area 4) (dentatorubrothalamic tract, interpositorubral tract)
2. Descend to areas in the brain stem such as the contralateral inferior olive (via red nucleus) in the central tegmental tract. |
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Definition
| Efferents in the superior cerebellar peduncle |
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Term
| These fibers originate in the fastigial nucleus and descend (crossed and uncrossed) primarily to vestibular and reticular nuclei in the brain stem |
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Definition
| Efferents in the inferior cerebellar peduncle |
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Term
| ALL impulses arriving (afferents) in the cerebellum are ___ on purkinje cells, granule cells, o on deep cerebellar nucli |
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Definition
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Term
| ALL impulses leaving (efferents) te cerebellar cortex (purkinje axons) are ___ on deep cerebellar an vestibular nuclei. |
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Definition
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Term
| Axons of deep cerebellar nuclei are __ |
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Definition
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Term
| There exists a ___ organization within the cerebellum such that certain areas of the cerebellar cortex send projections to certain nuclei |
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Definition
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Term
| The cerebellar cortex has been divided functionally into 3 regions. |
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Definition
Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum |
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Term
| Function term for flocculonodular lobe |
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Definition
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Term
| Has reciprocal connections with the vestibular nuclei |
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Definition
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Term
| Concerned with influencing eye movement and controlling posture and equilibrium via efferent connections with the vestibular system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Consists of vermal and paravermal areas of the cerebellar cortex which send projections primarily to the fastigal (vermis) and interposted nuclei |
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Definition
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Term
| This regions receives extensive input from the spinal cord an is concerned with control of proximal limb movements via descending spinal pathways (vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, and medial corticospinal) |
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Term
| Also exerts control over muscles involved in speech production |
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| Consists of lateral cerebellar hemispheres which send projections primarily to the dentate nuclei |
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Definition
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Term
| This system has the most extensive thalamocortical projections and is concerned with the coordination of distal limb movements via connections with corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common type of cerebellar lesion seen in humans |
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Definition
| Lateral Cerebellar Hemispheres OR Dentate Nucleus |
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Term
| Affects primarily skilled voluntary movements |
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Definition
| Lesion to lateral cerebllar hemispheres or dentate nucleus |
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Term
| Lesion to the lateral cerebellar hemisphere or dentate nucleus, are the symptoms ipsi or contra? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 6 symptoms of a lesion to the lateral cerebellar hemispheres or dentate nucleus |
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Definition
1. Hypotonia
2. Asynergia
3. Dysmetria
4. Dysdiadochokinesia
5. Decomposition of movement
6. Intention Tremor |
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Term
| Decreased muscle tone. Deet tendon reflexes are decreased and possess a pendular quality. |
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Definition
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Term
| When you kick out and it kicks back, like a swinging motion |
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Definition
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Term
| Range, direction, and force of muscle contractions are inappropriate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 symptoms of asynergia |
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Definition
Dysmetria
Dysdiadochokinesia
Decomposition of movement |
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Term
| Inability to gauge distances (over/undershoot) |
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Definition
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Term
| Inability to perform rapidly alternating movements of the extremities |
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Definition
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Term
| Inability to perform compound movements |
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Definition
| Decomposition of movement |
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Term
| Tremeor with movement; not present at rest |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of pathology is generally seen secondary to chronic alcohol abuse which, for unknown reasons, causes effects primarily in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum. |
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Definition
| Anterior lobe of cerebellum lesion |
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Term
| Symptoms for this pathology are typical of spinocerebellar damage |
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Definition
| Anterior lobe of cerebellum |
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Term
| If you have a lesion to the anterior lobe of the cerebellum name 2 common symptoms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Irregular muscle contractions involving the axial and proximal extremity muscles; evident during stance and gait |
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Definition
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Term
| Controls proximal limb movement and speech |
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Definition
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Term
| Cannot maintain balance on a narrow surface |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Most commonly due to tumors of young children known as medulloblastomas |
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Definition
| Lesion to flocculonodular lobe |
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Term
| Such tumors arise in the roof of the 4th ventricle |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 4 symptoms of a lesion t the flocculonodular lobe |
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Definition
1. Nystagmus at rest
2. Truncal ataxia
3. Titubation
4. Nausea/Vomiting |
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Term
| Seen primarily during upright activities; disappears when lying down |
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Definition
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Term
| Head oscillations, cannot be still, contant movement |
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Definition
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Term
| Are cerebellar issues seen contralaterally or ipsilaterally? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ventral spinocerebellar information goes through what? |
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Definition
| Superior cerebellar peduncle |
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