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| evolutionary development of rostral (anterior) portion of CNS; increased number of neurons in head, highest level reached in human brain |
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| central cavity surrounded by gray matter; external white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts; begins at the foramen magnum; provides two-way communication to and from brain |
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| outer gray matter; folded and wrinkled to increase area of this |
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| filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); lined by ependymal cells; connected to one another and to central canal of spinal cord; communicate with each other |
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| surface marking; shallow grooves |
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| surface marking; deep grooves |
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| separates two hemispheres |
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| transverse cerebral fissure |
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| separates precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe |
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| seaprates occipital and parietal lobes |
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| gray matter; thin; 40% mass of brain; site of conscious mind |
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| deep within white matter; distinct and separate from cortical regions; important for movement regulation, emotion, understanding |
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| area that control voluntary movement |
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| area of conscious awareness of sensation |
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| area that integrates diverse information |
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| primary (somatic) motor cortex |
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| large pyramidal cells of precentral gyri; long axons; allows conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle |
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| helps plan movements; staging area for skilled motor activities; controls learned, repetitious or patterned motor skills; coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions; controls voluntary action that depend on sensory feedback |
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| present in only one hemisphere; motor speech area; plans speech, some voluntary motor activities |
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| controls voluntary eye movements |
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| mapped out motor activity in certain parts of the brain |
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| upside-down caricatures represent contralateral sensory input from body regions |
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| identification of body region being stimulated |
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| somatosensory association cortex |
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| integrates sensory input; determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt |
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| primary visual (striate) cortex |
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| extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe; receives visual information from retinas |
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| surrounds primary visual cortex; uses experiment to interpret/recognize visual stimuli; uses large portion of brain |
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| superior margin of temporal lobes; interprets information from inner eat a pitch, loudness, and location |
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| auditory association area |
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| located posterior to primary auditory cortex; stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sound stimulus |
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| medial part of temporal lobe (above nose interior); conscious awareness of smell; connected to limbic system (association area) |
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| posterior insula; position, balance perception |
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| in insula; mediates taste perception |
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| posterior to gustatory cortex; visceral sensation like bathroom urges |
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| multimodal association areas |
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| receive inputs from multiple sensory area; send outputs to multiple areas; allows meaning to information received; sensations, thoughts, emotions before conscious |
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| anterior association area (prefrontal cortex) |
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| most complicated cortical region; involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality; contains working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, and planning |
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| posterior association area |
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| plays role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space; involved in understanding written and spoken language (Wernicke's area) |
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| limbic association area (part of limbic system) |
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| involves cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus; provides emotional impact that makes scene more important and helps establish memories |
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| division of labor between hemispheres |
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| hemisphere dominant for language (left in 90% of people) |
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| controls language, math, and logic |
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| visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and artistic and musical skills |
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| horizontal; connect different parts of same hemisphere |
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| horizontal; connect gray matter of two hemispheres |
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| vertical; connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord |
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| homeostatic imbalance of the brain; tissue deprived of blood supply; brain tissue dies; e.g. blockage of cerebral artery by blood clot |
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| homeostatic imbalance of the brain; paralysis on one side, or sensory and speech deficits |
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| transient ischemic attacts |
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| homeostatic imbalance of the brain; temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia |
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| tissue plasminogen activator |
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| only approved treatment for stroke; clot buster |
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| a progressive degenerative disease of brain that results in dimentia; memory loss, short attention span; caused by neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons to kill them |
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| degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons of substantia nigra; basal nuclei deprived of dopamine become overactive; tremors at rest; treated by adding dopamine |
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| fatal hereditary disorder; leads to degeneration of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex; vegins with wild, jerky "flapping" movements; later marked by mental deterioration; treated by blocking dopamine |
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| cushion of fat and network of veins between vertebrae and spinal dura mater |
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| collection of nerve roots at inderior end of vertebral canal |
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| connects masses of gray matterl encloses central canal |
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| gray matter; interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input |
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| gray matter; some interneurons; somatic motor neurons; axons exit cord via ventral roots |
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| gray matter; only in thoracic and superior lumbar regions, sympathetic neurons |
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| gray matter; sensory input to cord |
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| dorsal root (spinal) ganglia |
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| gray matter; cell bodies of sensory neurons |
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| consists of three neurons; up to higher centers (sensory inputs); three main pathways |
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| first-order neuron of ascending pathways |
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| conducts impulses from cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors; branches diffusely as enters spinal cord or mefulla |
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| second-order neuron of ascending pathways |
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| interneuron; cell body in dorsal horn of medullary nuclei; axons extend to thalamus or cerebellum |
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| third-order neuron of ascending pathways |
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| interneuron; cell body in thalamus; axon extends to somatosensory cortex |
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| dorsal column pathway of ascending pathways |
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| medial lemniscal pathways; discriminative touch |
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| sponothalamic pathways of ascending pathways |
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| pathways that transmit pain, temperature, coarse touch, pressure, and proprioception |
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| spinocerebellar tracts pathway of ascending pathways |
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| terminate in the cerebellum; info about muscle position to help with coordination |
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| descending pathways and trats |
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| deliver efferent impulses from the brain to spinal cord; two groups |
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| upper motor neurons of descending pathways and tracts |
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| pyramidal cells in primary motor cortex |
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| lower motor neurons of descending pathways and tracts |
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| ventral horn motor neurons in spinal cord; innervate skeletal muscles |
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| direct (pyramidal) pathways |
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Definition
| impulses from pyramidal neurons in precentral gyri pass through pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts; descend without synapsing; axons synapse with interneurons or ventral horn motor neurons; regulate fast and fine (skilled) movements |
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| indirect (multineuronal) system |
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| complex multisynaptic; includes brain stem motor nuclei and all motor pathwats except pyramidal pathways; three pathways that regulate |
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