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| Smaller and much more numerous than neurons; functions include physical support, circulation, protection from microbes & toxins, nourishment, and maintenance of proper chemical environment for nerve activity. |
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| One of two types of cells in the CNS. They are the smaller cells that wrap the delicate neurons. |
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| A PNS glial cell that surrounds one neuron fiber to form myelin sheaths. They are vital for the regeneration of damaged fibers. |
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| Bundles of intermediate filaments that maintain cell shape and form a network throughout the cell body. |
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| The portion of the Schwann cell that forms a bulge from the nucleus and cytoplasm. |
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| Found in regions of the brain and spinal cord where there is unmyelinated fibers and (mostly) cell bodies. |
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| Regions of the brain and spinal cord containing dense collections of myelinated nerve fibers. |
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| Multipolar neurons making up 99% of the neurons in the body and are confined to the CNS. They lie between motor/sensory neurons in neural pathways and shuttle signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs. |
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| The measure of potential energy generated by separated charge. |
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| chemically (ligand) gated channels |
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Definition
| Open when the appropriate chemical binds. |
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| Open/close in response to changes in membrane potential. |
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| leakage (non-gated) channels |
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| Increase in membrane potential; the inside of the membrane becomes MORE negative. |
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| Reduction in membrane potential; the inside of the membrane becomes LESS negative. |
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| Neurons of the CNS controlling the voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. 85% of the cells forming the pyramidal tracts are from the primary motor cortex and the other 15% from the premotor cortex. |
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| Forms the central core of the forebrain enclosing the third ventricle. Includes the thalamus, hypothalamus & epithalamus. |
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| Serves as the gateway to the cerebral cortex by mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning & memory. All afferent impulses converge at the thalamus. |
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| Located below (hypo) the thalamus. It is the body's main visceral control center and vitally important for homeostasis. It regulates ANS activity (influencing blood pressure, heartbeat, pupil size, digestive tract mobility); involved in the perception of fear, pleasure, rage; serves as the body's thermostat; regulates feelings of hunger, water balance, thirst; & controls functioning of the endocrine system. |
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| Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon. |
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| Secretes the hormone melatonin. |
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| Composed of conduction tracts and issues several cranial nerve pairs. Pathway for "conversations" between the motor cortex and cerebellum. |
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| Crucial ANS reflex center that receives instructions via the hypothalamus to medullary reticular centers which carry them out. Examples: adjusting force of heart rate to meet bodies needs, changing blood vessel diameter, controlling the rate/depth of breathing. |
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| Subconsciously provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for smooth, coordinated movement. Several types of neurons are found here including Purkinje cells. |
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| Three paired fiber tracts connecting the cerebellum to the brain stem. |
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| Only cortical neuron that sends axons through white matter to synapse with the central nuclei of the cerebellum. |
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| Group of structures forming our emotional brain. Interacts with the prefrontal lobes resulting in an intimate relationship between our feelings and thoughts (cognitive brain). This further results in 1. reacting emotionally to things we consciously understand to be happening and 2. causes awareness of the emotional richness of our lives. |
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| Loosely clustered neurons forming three broad columns extending the length of the brain stem. Provides a continuous stream of impulses to the cerebral cortex keeping it alert and enhances excitability. Also acts as a filter for sensory inputs (combined with the cerebral cortex, 99% of all sensory stimuli are unimportant and filtered out). Example: watch on wrist. |
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| Bundled myelinated fibers located in white matter that run horizontally connecting corresponding gray areas of the hemispheres. Examples: corpus callosum, anterior & posterior commissures. |
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| Bundled myelinated fibers located in white matter that run horizontally connecting different parts of the SAME hemisphere. |
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| Bundled myelinated fibers located in white matter that run vertically. Examples: axons entering cerebrum from lower brain/spinal cord or axons leaving cerebrum. |
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| Located in the PRECENTRAL GYRUS. Contains pyramidal cells allowing us to consciously control the precise voluntary movements of our skeletal muscles. |
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| Area of brain in front of primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) that serves as the staging area for motor functions. Movements are organized here before being executed and with repetition the pattern is stored in the memory. |
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| Damage to Broca's area will cause this speech problem where speech is slow and poorly articulated. However, control over lips, larynx, tongue and speech comprehension is unaffected. |
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| Patterns of neuronal electrical activity generated by synaptic activity at the surface of the cortex rather than by action potentials in white matter. |
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| Motor ("eye mover") & contains parasympathetic fibers that serve visceral muscles and glands. |
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| Sensory (general sensation) & Motor (facial sensory fibers & chewing muscles). |
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| Sensory (taste), Motor (muscles for facial expression), contains parasympathetic fibers that serve visceral muscles and glands. |
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| Sensory (hearing & balance). |
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| Sensory (taste), Motor (moves tongue and pharynx). |
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| Sensory (taste), Motor (only nerve to extend beyond the neck) |
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| Motor (an accessory to the vagus nerve) |
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| Motor (controls some tongue-moving muscles) |
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| What is the order of the cranial nerves from I-XII? |
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Definition
| Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal |
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| Interprets visual stimuli enabling us to recognize what we our seeing. |
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| auditory association area |
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Definition
| Sound perception occurs and memories of sounds are stored here. |
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| Sound impulses are transmitted here and then interpreted as pitch, loudness, and location. |
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| Receives visual information that originates on the retina of the eye. |
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| anterior association area (prefrontal cortex) |
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| Most complicated cortical region involved with intellect, complex learning abilities, recall, and personality. |
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| posterior association area |
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Definition
| Large area of the brain involved in recognizing patterns and faces, localizing us and our surroundings in space, and binding different sensory inputs into a coherent whole. Also many parts are involved in understanding written and spoken language. |
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| Provides the emotional impact which makes a scene important to us. |
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| Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata. Accounts for only 2.5% of brain mass. |
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| Hang from the roof of each ventricle and forms cerebrospinal fluid. |
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