Term
| meningothelial cells (specialized epithelial cells |
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Definition
| what type of cells a meninx is made of |
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Term
| protection of spinal cord/brain (CNS) |
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Definition
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Definition
| what layer of the CNS meninges are in |
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| thick layer of dense connective tissue internally lined with mesothelium, fuses with periosteum of skull |
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Definition
| in the spinal cord, this meninges layer is supported by denticulate ligaments and surrounded by epidural space |
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Definition
| name of the space inside the vertebral bodies but outside the dura |
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Definition
| location of epidural injections |
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| name for space below the arachnoid mater |
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Definition
| lines the subarachnoid mater on the deep side |
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Term
| 1)ventricles of the brain which are continuous with 2) the subarachnoid space |
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Definition
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| vascular structure arising from the walls of the ventricles of the brain |
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Definition
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| cuboidal to columnar eipthelium that secretes CSF |
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Definition
| describe the cells of the choroid plexus |
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Definition
| highly vascular meninges layer adherent to surface of brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| what makes up the leptomeninges |
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Definition
| looks vegetative under the light microscope |
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Term
| formaldehyde preservation |
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Definition
| what makes brains go from pudding to rubber deli meat |
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Term
| neuroectodermal cells from the neural tube |
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Definition
| neurons of the CNS are derived from this |
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Term
| neuron cell bodies, dendrites, axons |
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Definition
| what gray matter contains |
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Term
| mostly fatty, myelinated axons(tracts) |
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Definition
| what white matter contains |
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Term
| inner spinal, outer brain |
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Definition
| gray matter is on the ___ layer of the spinal cord, and ______ layer of the brain |
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Definition
| collective name of support cells in the CNS |
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Definition
| highly branched cells that provide structural and metabolic support for neurons |
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Definition
| CNS equivalent of Schwann cells, elaborate myelin sheaths |
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Definition
| most highly branched neuroglia, has extensive cytoplasm |
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Definition
| neuroglia that provide structural and metabolic support and aid in tissue repair following injury |
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Definition
| star shaped equivalent of packing peanuts |
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Definition
| neuroglia that is hard to stain, even with IHC, despite its extensive cytoplasm |
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Definition
| neuroglia that is a phagocytic fixed tissue macrophage |
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Term
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Definition
| what germ origin is microglia |
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Definition
| neuroglia part of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, has immune function |
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Definition
| neuroglia that doesn't stain well with H&E, but does alright with IHC and looks similar to an astrocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest of the neuroglia |
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Term
| oligodendricytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells (also Bergmann(cerebellum) and radial glia, but he didn't mention them) |
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Definition
| list the 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS |
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Term
| satellite cells, Schwann cells, and not mentioned enteric glial cells |
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Definition
| what glial cells are found in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that line the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord |
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Term
| help circulate the CSF, has cilia for this purpose |
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Definition
| what is the function of ependymal cells |
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Definition
| what does the vast pink wasteland refer to? |
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Definition
| another name for the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| largest part of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the most developed portion of the cortex in lower animals |
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Term
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Definition
| in mammals this has evolved to include sensory, motor, and association areas |
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Term
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Definition
| what percent of cortex is neocortex in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| fold of the cortex are called |
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Term
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Definition
| has unequal distribution of neurons, cerebrum is composed of this peripherally, which contains the cell bodies |
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Term
| raccoons have a separate gyrus associated with each finger, humans have a gyrus for the thumb and 1 for all 4 of the other fingers |
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Definition
| what is special about raccoon gyri? how does it differ from humans? |
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Definition
| who has a better developed sense of touch, humans or raccoons? |
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Definition
| clusters of neuron cell bodies that form islandes of gray matter in the cerebrum and cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| axons leading in and out of gray matter grouped in bundles called this |
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Term
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Definition
| deep to cortex, subcortical white matter containing mostly myelinated axons and neuroglial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| polygonal cells found in the gray matter |
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Term
| coordinates muscular activity, posture and equilibrium |
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Definition
| three things the cerebellum coordinates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| center of the cerebellum containing white matter, and mostly neuroglial cells and myelinated axons |
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Term
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Definition
| how many layers the outer cerebellar cortex has |
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Term
| molecular layer, granular layer |
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Definition
| name of the 2 layers of the outer cerebellar cortex |
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Term
| outer molecular layer of cerebellum |
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Definition
| outer later, contains few neurons and large number of unmyelinated axons |
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Term
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Definition
| are the axons in the cerebellum myelinated in the molecular layer |
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Term
| inner granular layer of cerebellum |
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Definition
| highly cellular, very basophillic(eosinophilic mix), contains large numbers of neuroglial cells and small neurons called granule cells |
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Term
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Definition
| molecular and granular layer separated by a single layer of neurons called this |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized neurons, function in coordination and equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| what cells nuclei are mostly seen in the granular layer? |
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Term
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Definition
| where is the fissure on the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| contains CSF, lined by ependymal cells, continuous with ventricles of the brain |
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Term
| it is a shrinkage artifact produced when the slide was prepared (it doesn't actually exist) |
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Definition
| on the image in the powerpoint, what does the white space by the central canal represent? |
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Term
| 2 dorsal and 2 ventral horns, in some parts there are lateral horns |
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Definition
| describe the horns of the spinal cord gray matter |
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Term
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Definition
| part of spinal cord containing afferent tracts |
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Term
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Definition
| part of spinal cord gray matter that carries sensory tracts |
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Term
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Definition
| form lateral extensions of dorsal horns of gray matter |
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Term
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Definition
| cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons lie in _______ ____ ______ of spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| contain efferent(motor) neuron cell bodies, innervate skeletal muscle |
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Term
| ascending/descending fiber tracts (columns) |
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Definition
| mostly myelinated axons that carry sensory and motor data in the surrounding white matter of the spinal cord |
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Term
| connective tissue scar and Schwann cells |
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Definition
| what forms a bridge between severed ends of nerve in the PNS |
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Term
| Schwann cells multiply to physically bridge the gap (scaffold for axon growth) |
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Definition
| 1st step in axon regeneratoin |
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Term
| nerve axon sprouts neurites from the proximal stump |
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Definition
| 2nd step of axon regeneration |
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Term
| neurites grow into distal stump, contact re-establishes function |
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Definition
| 3rd step of axon regeneration |
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Term
| the proximal stump to the distal stump |
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Definition
| where do neurites grow from? |
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Term
| it might need to grow the entire length of the axon-this can take weeks to months |
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Definition
| if damage to an axon is too old or severe, how far might the axon need to grow? |
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Term
| similar to the PNS, but the oligodendricytes are not as efficient as Schwann cells, so instead neuroglial cells multiply |
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Definition
| in the CNS how do cells respond to injury |
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Term
| scar tissue proliferation from glial cells PREVENTS regeneration by physically blocking contact between the cell body and axon |
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Definition
| why the CNS responds poorly to injury |
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Term
| it degenerates, known as Wallerian degeneration or anterograde degeneration |
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Definition
| what happens to the portion of the axon DISTAL to the injury, and what is this called (2 names) |
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Term
| axonal transport is disrupted, and since the nutrient synthesis occurs in the cell body, the end is "cut off" |
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Definition
| why the axon distal to the injury is degenerated |
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Term
| it swells and becomes brightly eosinophillic, and loses the Nissal substance |
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Definition
| what happens to the neuronal cell body in response to injury |
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Term
| chromatolysis, occurs when the cell is injured |
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Definition
| whats the term for losing Nissal substance, when does this occur? |
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Term
| retrograde degeneration (the axon proximal to the injury site degenerates) |
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Definition
| severe injury results in this and death of the cell body |
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Term
| it swells and becomes eosinophillic |
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Definition
| first sign that a neuron is damaged |
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Term
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Definition
| an autoimmune, inflammatory, demyelination disease of the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| what destroys the myelin sheaths around axons in MS |
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Term
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Definition
| most common victims of MS |
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Term
| symptoms vary with location of affected neurons and degree of demyelination, often multiple episodes with partial resolution in between |
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Definition
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