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| 70-85% water, proteins, lipids, carbs. Made of cytoplasm + nucleoplasm |
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| (cytosol) semi-liquid contents between cell membrane and nuclear membrane, surrounds organelles. |
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| prok or euk? nucleus w/ nuclear envelope |
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| prok or euk? membrane bound organelles |
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| prok or euk? histones (complexed with DNA) |
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| prok or euk? DNA organized into chromosomes |
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| prok or euk? flagella with axoneme |
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| prok or euk? unique cell wall |
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plants -> cellulose
fungi -> chitin |
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Definition
| which eukaryotes have cell walls? |
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| contains genome of DNA (<20% of nuclear mass) |
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DNA complexed with nucleoproteins
packaged into chromosomes |
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| segments of DNA coding for particular traits(proteins) |
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| different forms of the same genes |
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| in most eukaryotic cells chromosomes exist as _____ pairs |
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| n = 23 (found in eggs and sperm) |
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| sorting of chromosome pairs according to size and shape |
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| electron dense, darkly staining, INACTIVE DNA & nucleoproteins |
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Definition
special heterochromatin seen in females representing degenerative X chromosome
(eg. calico cats) |
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Definition
| dispersed DNA active in transcription (RNA synthesis) |
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Term
| nucleolus and euchromatin |
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Definition
| cells active in translation will have prominent _____ and abundant ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| most chromatin in the nucleus is (inactive hetero or active eu?) |
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| active portions of chromosomes unravel to become visible and form this structure |
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| most of DNA associated proteins in Eukaryotes. assist with DNA folding (chromatin organization into chromosomes) |
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| segments of DNA wrap around several histones. Regulate DNA activity. (assoc. with high transcription/frequent replication) |
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| additional category of nucleoproteins. may also be involved in regulation of gene activity. |
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| surrounds nucleus and separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm |
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| separates inner and outer nuclear membrane |
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| network of filaments for support associated with the inner nuclear membrane |
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| studded with ribosomes, continuous with rER |
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Definition
connects inner and outer nuclear membrane
-channels surrounded by a ring of proteins (nucleoporins) |
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| regulate exchange of macromolecules between nucleus and cytoplasm |
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| have 2 subunits (ribosomes 40S and 60S) |
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| proteinaceous structures, contain rRNA. found free in cytoplasm and attached to rER and outer nuclear membrane. sites of protein synthesis |
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| polyribosomes (polysomes) |
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Definition
| aggregates of ribosomes and mRNA, frequently attach to ER -> rER |
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| only 2 organelles without a membrane |
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Definition
powerhouse of the cell.
produce ATP energy via Kreb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
oblong oval.
moves freely within the cytosol
varies greatly in size, shape, and number in cell. |
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Definition
| present in all cells except RBC's and keratinocytes (causing their limited lifespan). |
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| have inner and outer membrane-outer membrane is permeable, contains pore forming protein porin |
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| site of lipid synthesis/fatty acid metabolism |
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Definition
site of respiratory chain ATP production
pleated to form folds
lined with elementary particles |
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site of TCA cycle
contains dense granules |
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Definition
| site of nucleotide phosphorylation (ADP -> ATP) |
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Definition
| contain enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation |
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| binding/storage sites for Ca ++ |
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| how mitochondria are inherited |
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| self-replicating(like binary fission), circular DNA |
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| where cellular respiration begins (glucose ->pyruvate -anaerobic glycolysis) |
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| diffuses into mitochonrdria then becomes CO2 + H2O + ATP |
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where most ATP is produced in the cell via oxidative phosphorylation.
located on the inner membrane of mito cristae |
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Term
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Definition
| Kreb's and oxidative phosphorylation require O2, this is called ____ respiration |
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| series of membranous sheets and tubules throughout the cytoplasm |
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| has surface receptor molecules for ribosomal attachment. Specializes in protein synthesis |
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Definition
| specializes in lipid synthesis, transport of proteins from ER to Golgi, membrane formation & recycling |
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| functions in synth of cholesterol and steroid hormones. Principle organelle involved in detoxification and conjugation of drugs and toxins |
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| surround and coat proteins for transport, bud off sER, transport proteins between sER and Golgi, and Golgi and cell surface |
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| complex of flattened, stacked, membrane bound cisternae |
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Definition
| functions in post-translational modification, packaging, & sorting of proteins synthesized in rER (sulfation, phosporylation, glycosylation) |
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| cis face, convex, where proteins arrive in transfer vessicles from rER |
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| trans, concave side, proteins are packaged into clathrin coated vessicles for secretion |
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| what buds off maturing face of golgi |
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| buds off and sorted by golgi for intracellular use (3 types -lysosome, endosome, peroxisome) |
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| buds off and sorted by golgi for export via exocytosis |
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| buds off/sorted by golgi for long term storage |
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| during exocytosis and secretion, large amounts of intracellular membrane incorporated into outer cell membrane-- Recycled by golgi |
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Definition
| membrane bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes |
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Definition
| newly formed lysosomes produced by rER and Golgi |
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Term
| secondary lysosomes/phagolysosomes |
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Definition
primary lysosome fused with phagosome(phagocytic vessicle)
functions with intracellular digestion |
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Term
| tertiary lysosome/residual body |
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Definition
| result of hydrolytic breakdown of secondary lysosome |
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Term
| residual bodies/lipofuscin pigment |
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Definition
| may be excreted or may remain in cells for life ->old age pigment |
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Definition
| used to degrade organelles and cells with finite lifespans during apoptosis (programmed cell death) this process aka autophagy |
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Definition
type of endocytic vesicle with acid pH in lumen.
due to proton pumps in membrane, which pump H+ into interior, acidifying contents |
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| (aka microbodies) membrane-bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes (oxidases). Resemble lysosomes-also contain catalase & peroxidase. |
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Definition
| use enzymes, free radicals, and H2O2 to oxidize toxic metabolites |
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| non-living components of cells including, neutral fat droplets, lipids, glycogen, secretory, and pigment granules. (also viral inclusions which can be intracytoplasmic or intranuclear (eg. rabies) |
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Definition
| intracytoplasmic pigments |
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Definition
| black, brown, granular pigment. produced by melanocytes, transported to other cells |
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| gold-brown granules, frequently seen in neurons, sometimes called old age pigment |
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