Term
| An extensive membranous network of flattened sacs. It encloses a space that is continuous throughout the organelle and with the space between the two nuclear-envelope membranes. |
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Definition
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Term
| Has ribosomal particles attached to its cytosolic surface. |
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Definition
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Term
| What is the main function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions to synthesize proteins ont he attached ribosomes and enter the lumen of the reticulum from which they are ultimately distributed to the other organelles of secreted from the cell. |
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Definition
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| A highly branched tubular network that does not attach ribosomes but may be continuous with the RER. |
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Definition
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Term
| What is the main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
| To store and release calcium |
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Term
| Contains enzymes for fatty acid and steroid synthesis. Stores and releases calcium, which controls various cell activities. |
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Definition
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| A series of cup-like, closely apposed, flattened, membranous sacs; associated with numerous vesicles. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is a single golgi located generally? |
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Definition
| In the central portion of a cell near its nucleus |
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Term
| Functions to concentrate, modify, and sort proteins arriving from the RER prior to their distribution by way of the Golgi vesicles to other organelles or to secretion from the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| This structure looks like a rod or oval body surrounded by 2 membranes. The inner membrane folds into a matrix of mitochondrion, forming crisae |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main function of mitochondrion? |
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Definition
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Term
| This is the major site for ATP production, O2 utilization, and CO2 formation. It contains enzymes active in Krebs cycle and oxydative phosphorylation |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are most proteins synthesized? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the 4 basic steps for the synthesis of proteins. |
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Definition
1. mRNA transcription (nucleus)
2. mRNA migrates to cytosol
3. mRNA is translated by ribosome
4. Peptides are sequestered and linked in RER |
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Term
| Where are polypeptide chains refined and packaged? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the 2 steps to protein secretion. |
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Definition
1. Polypeptide chains are refined and packaged in Golgi Apparatus
2. Then they are secreted from the cell via secretory vesicles |
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Term
| Name the 2 different types of degredation of proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| The digestion of proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| The directed degredation of proteins by enzymes into individual amino acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| The altering of protein structure and function |
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Definition
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Term
| Does degredation of the protein result in an active or inactive protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is degredation of a protein reversible? |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins will circulate in the blood or interstitium depending on the function. Will form either protein-protein interactions or protein-ligand interactions |
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Definition
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Term
| The region of a protein to which a ligand binds. May contain several binding sites. |
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Definition
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Term
| Determined by the complimentary shapes of the ligand and protein-binding sites |
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Definition
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Term
| The strength of the ligand-protein binding. Determines how likely a bound ligand with leave the protein surface |
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Definition
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Term
| Sometimes referred to as the dissociation constant of a linkage |
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Definition
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Term
| Influenced by intermolecular interactions such as ion, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic forces, etc |
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Definition
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Term
| Chief characteristics of a protein that allows their diverse functionality. |
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Definition
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Term
| The region of a protein to which a ligand binds. Formed by the quaternary structure of the protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| Can 1 protein have more than one binding site? |
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Definition
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Term
| __ can cause a conformation change (unfolding) of the protein and disrupt the binding site. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability of a protein's binding site to bind a specific ligand (protein) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Determined by the complimentary shapes of the ligand and protein-binding sites |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Can a binding site bind to multiple ligands? |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins that can bind to very few ligands have greater what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The synthesis or degredation of a molecule. Multiple pathways produce energy as a product |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 ways in which cellular energy is transferred |
|
Definition
1. Glycolysis
2. Kreb's Cycle
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Term
| Another term for anabolism |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Another term for Catabolism |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pathway is most efficient for producing ATP? |
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Definition
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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|
Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does Kreb's cycle occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Glycolysis converts _ glucose (C6H12O6) into _ pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) through a __ step process |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Glycolysis produces a net of _ ATP per 1 glucose molecule. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Does glycolysis require O2? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cannot diffuse thru a membrane |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In which pathway are intermediates ionized and trapped in the cell cytosol? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 pathways in which Pyruvate can enter |
|
Definition
| Aerobic or Anaerobic conditions |
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|
Term
| Which pathways does MOST pyruvate enter? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In glycolysis, pyruvate can enter aerobic conditions, this is the Kreb's cycle where pyruvate is broken down into what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In glycolysis, pyruvate can enter anaerobic conditions, this is where pyruvate in converted to what? |
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Definition
| Lactate (ionized lactic acid) |
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Term
| __ can be released into the blood and taken up by the heart, brain, and other tissues to be converted back to pyruvate. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __ can also be taken up by the liver as a precursor for glucose formation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Utilizes molecular fragments formed during carb, protein, and fat breakdown to produce CO2, H+ atoms and small amounts of ATP |
|
Definition
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Term
| CO2 and H+ atoms are not energy sources like ATP, but they contribute to the efficiency by providing the substrate for what? |
|
Definition
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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|
Term
| During what cycle is pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Kreb's cycle, there is __ net GTP per, which is easily converted to ATP |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which metabolic pathway only occurs in aerobic conditions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main contribution of the Kreb's cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most importance mechanism by which ATP is produced? |
|
Definition
| Oxydative phosphorylation |
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Term
| __ is produced as byproducts of glycolysis and Kreb's cycle |
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Definition
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|
Term
| During what metabolic pathway does H+ atoms enter the pathway and combine with molecular O2 to form water. |
|
Definition
| Oxydative phosphorylation |
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|
Term
| The union of H+ atoms and O2 in oxidative phosphorylation releases energy in the form of what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Utilizes the electron transport chain to transfer electrons to molecular oxygen |
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Definition
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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|
Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation produces __ ATP per H |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Under theoretical conditions, 1 molecule of glucose can produce __ ATP if all substrates from glycolysis and Kreb's enter oxydative phosphorylation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Excess glucose can be stored in the body (liver and skeletal muscle) as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the enzymes for synthesis and breakdown of glucose located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of converting stored glycogen back into glucose. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The creation of new glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does gluconeogenesis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In gluconeogenesis, new glucose can be formed from __ and __ from protein breakdown, or by the conversion of __ |
|
Definition
Pyruvate
Amino acids
Glycerol |
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|
Term
| Very productive in terms of ATP generation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In fat catabolism, where are the enzymes located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During fat catabolism, the acetyl CoA is attached to the carboxyl end of the fatty acid and undergoes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of beta oxidation removes the acetyl CoA and releases what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In fat catabolism, the H+ atoms released enter what to produce ATP |
|
Definition
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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|
Term
| In fat catabolism, the fatty acid chain is shortened by 2 C atoms, it reforms with another acetyl CoA, and repeats the cycle of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In fat catabolism, 1 fatty acid chain is approximately __ C length, so it has the potential to generate __ ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The breakdown of proteins into amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In protein catabolism, the amino acids can be broken down into ___ that are used for the glycolytic pathway or Kreb's cycle |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This produces keto acids which act as intermediates |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Converts amino acids to keto acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidative deamination produces keto acids which can be used in 1 of 3 ways: |
|
Definition
1. The glycolytic pathway or Krebs and metabolized to produce CO2 and ATP
2. Used for glucose synthesis
3. Used to synthesize fatty acids |
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|
Term
| What is the byproduct of breaking down amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can be highly toxic to cells if it accumulates |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Ammonia usually passes through the cell membrane into the blood and taken to the liver where it is converted into what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Urea is excreted by the what in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The BUN test is used as part of the Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) to measure what? |
|
Definition
| The amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea |
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|
Term
| The BUN test can also be a measure of how well what is functioning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range of BUN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased BUN levels usually suggest what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ BUN may be due to acture or chronic kidney disease, damage or failure. It may also be due to a condition that results in decreased blood flow to the kidneys, such as CHF, shock, stress, recent heart attack, or severe burns, to conditions that cause obstructuion of urine flow, or to dehydration. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| BUN concentrations may be elevated when there is excessive ___ breakdown (catabolism), significantly increased protein in the diet, or GI bleeding (because of proteins present in the blood) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 things that can all be used to produce ATP through common pathways of glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. |
|
Definition
Carbs (glucose)
Proteins (amino acids)
Fats (fatty acids and glycerol) |
|
|
Term
| ___ can be used to form amino acids or fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ can be used to form glucose or fatty acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ cannot be used to form glucose, but glycerol can. |
|
Definition
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