Term
|
Definition
| invented 30X microscrope, described them as cellulae "little rooms" he was looking at dead cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invented 300x microscope to view live cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first to notice a nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things does the cell theory state? |
|
Definition
1. all living things are made up of cells
2. all cells come from pre-existing cells
3. cells are the basic unit of life |
|
|
Term
| what is a bacterial colony? and what are the used for in science? |
|
Definition
aggregate of bacteria cells that is an exact replica of the colony's founder...
recombinant DNA technology |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 parts to a bacterial cell? |
|
Definition
1. flagella
2. cell wall
3. cell membrane
4. ribosomes
5. DNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the decreasing size range of cells (animal, bacteria, and plant) |
|
Definition
| plant--->animal--->bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Why is a virus not considered a cell? |
|
Definition
| cannot survive or replicate without host cell |
|
|
Term
| what components make up a virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What component makes up a viroid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what component makes up a prion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells does HIV attack? |
|
Definition
| CD4+ cells (a type of T-lymphocyte) |
|
|
Term
| How do viruses attach to host cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two responses of a cell when a virus attaches? |
|
Definition
1. serve the virus: induce cell to make certain things
2. fight the virus: secrete enzymes to break down virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of cell and sub-cell structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of the chemical composition of cells and how they function |
|
|
Term
| define genetics and molecular biology. |
|
Definition
| study of the molecular basis and information flow |
|
|
Term
| generally define hypothesis |
|
Definition
| unproved thought that can be tested |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| somethings that is generally accepted to be true by a number of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| straight forward and always followed in every instance or circumstance |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells can light microscopy be used on? electron microscopy? |
|
Definition
light= live cells (200-300nm)
electron: dead cells (.1-.2 nm) |
|
|
Term
| what is the only thing that an electron microscope cannot see? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is bright field light microscopy? |
|
Definition
| basic form, can only look a samples with color |
|
|
Term
| what is phase contrast light microscopy? |
|
Definition
| refractive ability of different parts of the sample |
|
|
Term
| What is differential interface contrast (DIC)? |
|
Definition
| refractive ability but more sensative and gives a 3D image |
|
|
Term
| Which flourophore produces the green pigment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which flourophore produces the red pigment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which flourophore produces the blue pigment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do flourophores work? |
|
Definition
| excite and stay at low enegery state... when light hits at the right wavelength... it goes to high energy state and as it returns to ground state you see the flourescent color |
|
|
Term
| explain the process of antibody labeling |
|
Definition
| label antibody with flouroform... goes to attack antigen... binds to antigen protein and then the location of the antigen is show by flourescence |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference of flourescent protiens as opposed to antibodies? |
|
Definition
| proteins are automatically flourescent... allowing for live cell imaging |
|
|
Term
| whats is the concept of confocal in terms of keeping your focus on the microscope? |
|
Definition
| a pinhole to look at one plane at a time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only illuminate one plane at a time |
|
|
Term
| define deconvolution to keep focus |
|
Definition
| computer software to seperate out which light comes from the cell and which does not |
|
|
Term
| define transmitted electron microscopy |
|
Definition
| pass through the specimen... electron density is what is seen |
|
|
Term
| define scanning electron microscopy |
|
Definition
| shows electron deflected from the surface of the specimen |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of using gold particles to label in microscopy |
|
Definition
| gold is very electron dense |
|
|
Term
| describe the technique of shadowing |
|
Definition
1. specimen collected
2. metal spray to cover specimen
3. carbon beams heat metal
4. specimen melts away in acid bath
5. left with metal replica |
|
|
Term
| why does shadowing occur in the shadowing technique, and what is the technique used for? |
|
Definition
| where ever the metal spray doesnt hit a shadow appears and may be used to determine the height of the specimen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frozen sample-- imaged at low temperature-- 3D images may be reconstructed using electron tomography |
|
|
Term
| describe the process of x-ray crystallography |
|
Definition
crystalize protein
shine xray
diffraction pattern
determine structure |
|
|
Term
| What is the idea behind centrifugation? |
|
Definition
| the spin creates a force that seperates heavy and light items |
|
|
Term
| define sedimentation rate? what does it determine |
|
Definition
measurement of how fast a particle sinks to the bottom of the centrifugation tube when spun...
determines size and density of particle |
|
|
Term
| define subcellular fractionation |
|
Definition
| seperating fast moving cell parts from the slow moving ones |
|
|
Term
| What is the general ranking of centrifugation of cell parts from most dense to least dense |
|
Definition
1. nuclei
2. chloroplast and mitochandria
3. peroxisomes and lysosomes
4. ribosomes
5. DNA
6. RNA |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you make the density of the solution for centrifugation tubes high? |
|
Definition
| the components never reach the bottom... they reach equilibriums in bands |
|
|
Term
| What is the basis of chromatography? |
|
Definition
| capillary action: the higher affinity moves faster... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrically charged molecules seperated as they move through a matrix driven by electric field |
|
|
Term
| What charge does DNA and RNA always hold and why? |
|
Definition
| negative due to phosphate backbone |
|
|
Term
| describe the technique of seperating proteins by size |
|
Definition
1. denatured with - charge solution
2. gives negative charge to protein (despite original charge)
3. in electric field, the - charged proteins migrate to + terminal
4. smaller proteins move faster |
|
|
Term
| describe immuno-blotting (western blot) |
|
Definition
break cells
seperate components by size
mixture of protiens
use protein sequence or anitbody to recognize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| things other than genome influence phenotype and may be passed through generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supression of particular gene expression |
|
|
Term
| describe how RNAi affects mRNA, transcription and translation |
|
Definition
1. degrade mRNA
2. inhibition of mRNA translation
3. may block transcription as well |
|
|
Term
| what are the unique properties of water |
|
Definition
1. cohesive nature
2. absorb heat and buffer agains temperature change
3. ability to disolve most of the small organic molecules in the cell |
|
|
Term
| what is the most important chemical property of water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large molecule made up of smaller repeating units connected to each other |
|
|
Term
| what are protiens made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up nucleic acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up a polysacchride |
|
Definition
| polymers of monosacchrides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not polymers and are completely hydrophobic |
|
|
Term
| describe the synthesis of macromolecule by polymerization |
|
Definition
ATP required
keep adding monomers by dehydration (taking away H2O molecule) reaction
each addition of a monomer is a dehydration reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which end of DNA contains a phosphate group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which end of DNA contains a hydroxide group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which end of DNA are new nucleotides added? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many bonds are between A-T of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many bonds are between G-C of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of bond links polysacchrides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the basic structure of an amino acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of amino acid are found in protiens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three groups of amino acids? |
|
Definition
Group A: Non-polar amino acids
Group B: Polar uncharged amino acids
Group C: Polar charged amino acids |
|
|
Term
| What 9 amino acids make up the group A non polar amino acids |
|
Definition
1. Glycine
2. alanine
3. valine
4. luecine
5.isoluecine
6.methionine
7. phenylalenine
8. tryptophan
9.proline |
|
|
Term
| What 6 amino acids make up the group B polar uncharged amino acids |
|
Definition
Serine
threorine
cysteine
tyrosine
aspargine
glutamine |
|
|
Term
| What 5 amino acids make up the Group C polar charged amino acids |
|
Definition
aspartate
glutamate
lysine
arginine
histidine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covalent bond holding together the primary sequence of a polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| at the primary structure of a protein what is the basis of the structure and what bonding or interactions are involved? |
|
Definition
basis: amino acids
bonding: covalent peptide bonds |
|
|
Term
| at the secondary structure of peptides what is the basis of structure and what bonding or interactions occur? |
|
Definition
basis: alpha helix and beta-pleated sheats
bonding: hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| At the tertiary structure of protiens, what is the basis and what bonding or interactions occur? |
|
Definition
basis: 3D folding of single polypeptide sequence
bonding: disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der waals interactions, hydrophobic interactions |
|
|
Term
| in the quaternary structure, what is the basis of protien and what type of interactions or bonding is exhibited? |
|
Definition
basis: association of 2 or more folded polypeptides to form a multimeric protein
bonding: same as tertiary |
|
|
Term
| summarize the primary structure of a protein |
|
Definition
amino acid sequence
only covalent bonds
contains all information needed for higher level structure of protiens |
|
|
Term
| summarize secondary structure of protiens |
|
Definition
hydrogen bonds
repetitive structure patterns (alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet)
random loops and coils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functional groups stick out from helix |
|
|
Term
| describe the beta pleated sheet |
|
Definition
| functional groups alternate sticking up or down from sheet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nature of functional groups projecting from one side may be different than the nature of the functional groups projecting from the other side |
|
|
Term
| describe the tertiary structure |
|
Definition
combination of beta-pleated sheets and alpha-helices
held together by functional group interactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of a protein that is self contained: it can fold itself, function by itself |
|
|
Term
| what is the central dogma of the genetic code |
|
Definition
| DNA--->transcription--->RNA----> translation---> PROTEIN! |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 things that both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common? |
|
Definition
1. biochemical composition: all have inorganic molecules, organic small molecues, and macromolecules
2. all have plasma membranes and ribosomes
3. all have the central dogma of genetics |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 major reasons for compartmentalization of a eukaryotic cell? |
|
Definition
1. bigger
2. diffusion to reach entire cell is more difficult
3. diffusion speed is proportional to distance
4. group everything needed for reactions in one area
5. create additional membrane space (many reactions take place in membranes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double membrane with pores that allow for exchange with the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds DNA for the ribosomes and synthesis of the ribosome subunits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double membrane, capsule like, folds to create more membrane space, site for ATP formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only in plant cells
site of photosynthesis to convert light engergy to chemical energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| manufactures lipids, proteins, and other macromolecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain ribosomes and synthesize protiens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no ribosomes... manufacture lipids |
|
|
Term
| describe the golgi aparatus |
|
Definition
not connected to ER or nucleus
2 faces: toward ER= cis side, from ER= trans side |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary function of the golgi? |
|
Definition
| to synthesize complex carbs and to process ER proteins via glycolysation (adding sugars) |
|
|
Term
| Which organelle do proteins start in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe function of lysosome |
|
Definition
recycle... digest macromolecules
contain enzymes to digest everything and the enzymes are activated at a low pH |
|
|
Term
| describe function of peroxisomes |
|
Definition
| specialized to metabolize H202 (hydrogen peroxide) |
|
|
Term
| describe the function of a vacuole |
|
Definition
| in plants only... maintain pressure inside cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everything inbetween nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semi-fluid matrix containing the cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3D framework made of tubules and filaments |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 functions of cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
1. motility
2. cell division
3. intracellular transport |
|
|
Term
| what specific function is required of muscle cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what specific function is required of pancreas cells |
|
Definition
| secretion of digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
| what specific function is required of B lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what specific function is required of RBCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what specific function is required of nerve cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what specific function is required of macrophage cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 functions of membranes? |
|
Definition
1. permeability boundary
2. organization of functions
3. regulate solute transport
4. signal transduction
5. communication |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 ways to regulate solute transport in a membrane |
|
Definition
1. diffusion
2. active transport
3. endocytosis
4. exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of a selectively permeable membrane |
|
Definition
help regulate cell contents
allows passage of small molecules and hydrophobics but doesnt for charged particles and large molecules |
|
|
Term
| describe the process of signal transduction |
|
Definition
| detect a stimulus then transmit that signal to appropriate location for interpretation |
|
|
Term
| Which form of cell-cell communication exists in plants and which in animals? |
|
Definition
plants: plasmodesmata
animals: gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| what was Overtons proposal to the fluid mosaic model? |
|
Definition
| he notices that hydrophobic molecules could pass but hydrophillic ones could not... indicating the membrane must be of lipid nature |
|
|
Term
| what did langmuir propose to the fluid mosaic model? |
|
Definition
| phospolipids form a monolayer on water because of their amphiphatic nature |
|
|
Term
| what did gorter and grendel propose for the fluid mosaic model? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the erythrocyte experiement. |
|
Definition
measure the surface area of the RBC
take all the components and spread it across a layer of water
if the spread area is 2x that of the surface area of the RBC then it has a bilayer membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for surface area of a sphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Davidson and Danielli propose as the model for presence of protiens in the membrane |
|
Definition
| protiens bind to hydrophillic side making a sheet of protiens |
|
|
Term
| What were the 5 fallicies of Davson and Danielli's model for protiens in the bilayer? |
|
Definition
1. size and shape
2. protien to lipid ratio
3. accessibility of membrane to phospholipidase
4. insoluability of membrane protiens
5. mobility of membrane components |
|
|
Term
| define transmembrane domain |
|
Definition
| parts of protein that embed into membrane |
|
|
Term
| What distinguishes lipids from the rest of the macromolecules? |
|
Definition
| not polymers and not water soluable |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 important lipids of the cell |
|
Definition
1. triglycerides
2. phospholipids
3. glycolipids
4. sterols and terpenes |
|
|
Term
| describe triglycerides (triacylglycerols). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major component of membrane... phosphate head and lipid tails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biological recognition at plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| describe steriods and terpenes |
|
Definition
| cholesterol and sex hormones |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of phospholipid |
|
Definition
| phosphate head with choline attachment followed by glycerol tails and fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of glycolipids |
|
Definition
| galactose head with sphingosine middle and a single fatty acid tail |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of sterols |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to a tail when it becomes unsaturated |
|
Definition
| the tails kink by a C-C double bond preventing a snug fit allowing for more fluidity |
|
|
Term
| define homeoviscous adaptation |
|
Definition
| ability to maintain optimal membrane fluidity in the face of drastic temperature changes |
|
|
Term
| describe the flourescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) method |
|
Definition
1. tag or label lipid molecules by covalent linkage to flourescent dye
2. laser beam bleaches an area of cell surface
3. then flourescent molecules diffuse into bleached area
= used to test the fluidity of a membrane |
|
|
Term
| describe the freeze fracture technique |
|
Definition
1. rapidly freeze a membrane
2. make a small sharp blow with a diamond knife
3. as a result it often fractures into its two layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interior surface of exterior monolayer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interior surface of inner monolayer |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 classes of membrane proteins? |
|
Definition
1. integral membrane proteins
2. peripheral membrane proteins
3. lipid-anchored proteins |
|
|
Term
| define integral membrane protiens |
|
Definition
| membrane protiens that are amphiphetic molecules possessing one or more hydrophobic regions that have affinity for interior of bilayer |
|
|
Term
| define transmembrane protein |
|
Definition
| membrane protein that spans the entire membrane |
|
|
Term
| define peripheral membrane protiens |
|
Definition
| lack hydrophobic sequence and cannot pass through lipid bilayer... they are bound to membrane surfaces by hydrogen bonds |
|
|
Term
| define lipid anchored protein. |
|
Definition
| located on one of the lipid bilayer surfaces but bind into the lipid part of the bilayer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane protein found on outter membrane of bacteria, chloroplast, and mitochandria and functions to transport small molecules using beta sheets |
|
|
Term
| describe the technique of cell fusion to determine protein motility |
|
Definition
| 2 different cells are labeled with fluorescent markers... they are then fused together to form a heterokaryon... the labeled protiens then begin to mix around |
|
|
Term
| describe how the freeze-fracture technique can be used in conjuction with electricity to show protein motility |
|
Definition
| when a freeze fractured sample is subjected to an electric field all of the membrane protiens move to one side |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to restrict some protien movement in a membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 mechanisms for protein movement restriction? |
|
Definition
1. protiens form an aggregate that are too big to move
2. specific membrane structures prevent movement
3. protien anchoring by cytoskeletal binding or ECM binding |
|
|
Term
| What types of molecules are to be transported via membrane transport? |
|
Definition
| disolved ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, H+, Cl-) and small organics (sugar, amino acids, nucleotides) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe diffusion and its subtypes |
|
Definition
movement down concentration gradient
two subtypes:
1. simple: unassisted
2. facilitated: assisted by carrier or channel proteins
NO ATP REQUIRED |
|
|
Term
| describe active transport |
|
Definition
| movement against concentration gradient... against electrochemical potential |
|
|
Term
| What cannot be simply diffused through a membrane? |
|
Definition
| large, polar, and ionic molecules |
|
|
Term
| define partition coefficient |
|
Definition
relative solubility in organic solvent v. water
higher= more hydrophobic |
|
|
Term
| What can be said about the relationship of the diffusion rate and the concentration gradient |
|
Definition
they are directly proportional
larger concentration gradient= larger diffusion rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diffusion of water to dilute a highly concentrated solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the process of purifying water...
water is pushed through a permeeable membrane so that nothing but water gets through |
|
|
Term
| define hypertonic and what happens to the cell |
|
Definition
| solution concentration is higher than that of the cell and the cell shrivels |
|
|
Term
| define hypotonic and what happens to the cell |
|
Definition
| solution concentration is less than the cell and the cell lyses from the water coming in to dilute the cell |
|
|
Term
| what molecules may use facilitated diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe a carrier protein |
|
Definition
| catch on one side of the cell and release on the other |
|
|
Term
| describe a channel protien |
|
Definition
hydrophillic passage... just open channel...
==== FASTER |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 characteristics of facilitated diffusion compared to simple? |
|
Definition
1. generally faster
2. saturable
3. competive inhibition susceptability |
|
|
Term
| what is symport diffusion |
|
Definition
| two solutes diffusing in same direction |
|
|
Term
| what is antiport diffusion |
|
Definition
| 2 solutions at the same time in opposite direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selective for Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+ and may be voltage gated, ligand gated, or mechanosensative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly found in RBCs and renal system... faster way to move more water... 6 membrane spanning segment.... alpha helices |
|
|
Term
| what is direct active transport |
|
Definition
| accumulatin of solute molecules or ions on one side of membrane is coupled directly to ATP hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| what is indirect active transport |
|
Definition
| simulataneous transport of 2 solutes with favorable movemen of one solute DOWN its concentration gradient driving the unfavorable movement of the other solute UP its concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| describe the Na+/Glucose transport |
|
Definition
| two sodium molecule oustide the cell are placed on a carrier protien... this prompts a glucose molecule to bind as well causing a conformational change and allowing the glucose and the sodium to be dumped into the cell...the sodium is then pumped out via Na+/K+ ATPase |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between sodium ion concentration outside the cell and amino acid and sugar transport into the cell |
|
Definition
| the highter the Na+ concentration outside the cell the higher the transportation rate of amino acids and sugars into the cell |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of P-type (phosphorylation) ATPases |
|
Definition
Na+ and K+ (keeps Na+ low and K+ high inside the cell)
H+: pumps out protons keeping membrane potential
Ca2+: kept low in cytosol |
|
|
Term
| What are V-type (vacuole type) ATPases |
|
Definition
| H+ in lysosomes and secretory vesicles to keep pH in organelle low which activates hydrolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
| what are f-type (factor aka atp synthases) ATPases |
|
Definition
| inner mitochandrial membrane uses a H+ gradient to drive ATP synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What are ABC-type (ATP-binding cassette) ATPases |
|
Definition
solutes: membranes= nutrient uptake, protein export
antitumor drugs: plasma membrane= removes hydrophobic drugs and hydrophobic natural products from cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the Na+ K+ ratio of the Na/K ATPase pump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first ABC transporter found |
|
|
Term
| Where did the expression of MDR1 exists? |
|
Definition
| increased in cancer cells exposied to chemo drugs |
|
|
Term
| How do MDRs work in terms of drug resistance? |
|
Definition
| pumping the drug out of the cell, reducing the intracellular drug concentration |
|
|
Term
| What is CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator)? |
|
Definition
| an ABC transporter in plasma membranes of epithelial cells espcially the lungs and pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of cystic fibrosis? |
|
Definition
| faulty chloride secretion in the lungs preventing the normal mucus from being hydrated |
|
|
