Term
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Definition
| Cell lysis w/ necrotic debris, immune activation, cell enlarge, nuclear karyolysis, plasma membrane disrupted, cellular contents leak, increased eosinophilia due to loss of RNA and ribosomes, and scarring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell intact w/ little immune activation, cell shrinks, nuclear pyknosis into DNA fragments of 180 bp (nucleosome size), plasma membrane intact and forms apoptotic bodies, clearance by phagocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Irreversible cell arrest mediated by p53, occurs in response to telomere erosion, oncogene activation, damage; induces release of cytokines that attract NK cells for clearance. Senescent burden increases with age and tumors. |
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Term
| Cloudy swelling/hydropic degeneration/vacuolar degeneration |
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Definition
| Earliest evidence of cellular injury is loss of normal staining intensity. Due to loss of ribosomal RNA, faint blue tint is lost and swelling of organelles with water dilutes color of cell. As more water builds up true vacuoles appear in the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seen in certain cells with high energy demands (hepatocyte, myocardial cell, kidney), impaired metabolism of triglycerides causes build up of fat vacuoles that push aside the nucleus. Frozen sections can preserve the fat, which can be stained (Oil red O, Sudan black, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Condensation of nucleus with intense basophilia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyknotic nuclei degenerate further and fragment into several particles of degenerate nuclear material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cellular hydrolytic enzymes completely breakdown nuclear fragments leading to loss of basophilia. Cell is left as an anucleate mass. |
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Term
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Definition
| Architecture of the dead tissue is preserved, cells may be preserved for days or weeks due to breakdown of lytic enzymes until immigrant leukocytes can access the area. |
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Term
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Definition
| No retention of original structure with autolysis. Happens in the CNS (few extracellular structural elements to preserve architecture) and with pyogenic bacterial infections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combines features of two major necrotic patterns, amorphous mass of partially preserved cellular debris surrounded by a granulomatous inflammatory wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Necrosis usually seen around blood vessels that involves deposition of immune complexes and fibrin with proteinaceous mass. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased metabolism and protein synthesis. Ion pumps become less effective, eventually causing vacuolar degeneration. Buildup of lactic acid (decreased pH) can cause chromatin clumping. |
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Term
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Definition
| Radicals formed during ischemia now accumulate due to sudden increase in oxygen. Xanthine oxidase produces ROS as byproducts with uric acid. iNOS turned on during ischemia, resultant NO can react with oxygen upon reperfusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ubiquitin (or ubiquitin-like molecules) signal for degradation. E3 ligase (many types, specific) bring E2 conjugating enzyme (fewer) and E1 Ub activating enzyme (10 isoforms, not very specific). |
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Term
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Definition
| Micro: chaperone mediated similar to proteasome. Macro: entire organelles digested in lysosome. |
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