Term
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Definition
| After chromosome replication, each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids. Centrosomes have replicated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes condense, and mitotic spindle begins to form. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear envelope breaks down. Spindle fibers contact chromosomes at kinetochore. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes complete migration to middle of cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sister chromatids separate. Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nuclear envelope re-forms, and the spindle apparatus disintegrates. |
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Term
| Mitosis: Cell division begins |
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Definition
| Actin-myosin ring causes the plasma membrane to begin pinching in. |
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Term
| Mitosis: Cell division is complete |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 phases of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
| G1, S phase, G2, and Mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrients are sufficient, growth factors are present, cell size is adequate, chromosome is undamaged. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosome replication is successfully completed, no DNA damage, activated enzymes present. |
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Term
| Pass M phase checkpoint if... |
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Definition
| All chromosomes are attached to spindle. |
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Term
| What is the M phase checkpoint regulated by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Mitosis Promoting Factor made of? |
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Definition
| Cyclin, Cdk, and Cyclin-bound Phosphate. |
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Term
| What is MPF activated by? |
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Definition
| The dephosphorylation of MPF Cdk each cycle. |
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Term
| The G1 Checkpoint: Social Control and Rb |
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Definition
1) Growth factors arrive from other cells.
2) Growth factors cause increase in E2F and Cyclin concentration.
3) Cyclin binds to Cdk; Cdk is phosphorylated. Rb inactivates E2F by binding to it.
4) Cdk is activated by dephosphorylation. It catalyzes phosphorylation of Rb.
5) Rb releases E2F.
6) E2F enters nucleus and triggers production of S phase proteins. |
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Term
| Mutations may cause some cells to lose __________ and go through the cell cycle too ________ or too _________. |
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Definition
| social control; often; quickly. |
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Term
| Visible Characteristics of Cancer-Causing Cells |
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Definition
| Rapid mitosis and growth; recruitment of blood vessels; movement to other tissues (metastasis). |
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Term
| Non-Visible Characteristics of Cancer-Causing Cells |
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Definition
| Lack of checkpoint control (tumor suppressor), telomerase activity, increased checkpoint passing activity (oncogene), lack of apoptotic control. |
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