Term
| which is there more of: neurons or glial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the anatomic divisions of the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functional divisions of the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the principal cells of the nervous system |
|
Definition
| neurons and supporting cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the functional unit of the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of supporting cells of the nervous system |
|
Definition
| physical support, protection, electrical insulation,, metabolic exchange between vasculature and nervous system |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the supporting cells of the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of neurons |
|
Definition
| multipolar, bioplar, unipolar |
|
|
Term
| what is the defining feature of multipolar neurons, what do they include |
|
Definition
| multiple processes, motor and interneurons |
|
|
Term
| what is the defining feature of bipolar neurons, what do they include |
|
Definition
| have one axon and one dendrite, retina and galglia of CN VIII |
|
|
Term
| what is the defining feature of unipolar neurons, what do they include |
|
Definition
| have one axon that divides into two long processes, sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for unipolar neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the neuron |
|
Definition
| cell body, dendrites, axon, axon terminal |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the neuron cell body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the cell body of a neuron also called the perikaryon |
|
Definition
| refers to nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what does the cytoplasm of a neuron contain |
|
Definition
| micothondria, golgi, lysosome, microtubules, and neurofilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermediate filaments in neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the abundent RER in neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area devoid of organells, division between cell body and axon |
|
|
Term
| what is different about neuron golgi |
|
Definition
| it is large and perinuclear |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of a neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
| chemical messenger used by neurons to comminicate with eachother and target tissues, muscles, and glands |
|
|
Term
| where are neurotransmitters made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are neurtransmitters stored, how |
|
Definition
| they are packaged into vessicles and stored at the axon terminal |
|
|
Term
| what is a synaptic vesicle |
|
Definition
| vesicle with neurotransmitter in it |
|
|
Term
| how does the synaptic vesicle get to the axon terminal when it is time for action |
|
Definition
| on a system of intemediate filaments and microtubules |
|
|
Term
| where are neurotransmitters released from the neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| by what process are neurotransmitters released from the neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neuron that a neurotransmitters is released from called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the area between a presynaptic and a post synaptic neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you see a postsynaptic neuron density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the postsynaptic neuron recieve the neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
| it binds to receptors on the membrane |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of glial cells |
|
Definition
| astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependyma |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest glial cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you view and astrocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does immunocytochemistry for astrocytes work |
|
Definition
| antibodies against GFAP are used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glial fibrillary acidic protein, composed of intermediate filaments |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of astrocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the cytoplasm of the protoplasmic astrocyte |
|
Definition
| numerous short branching cytoplasmic processes |
|
|
Term
| where is the protoplasmic astrocyte located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the cytoplasm of the fibrous astrocyte |
|
Definition
| fewer short straight cytoplasmic processes |
|
|
Term
| where is a fibrous astrocyte found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are microglia derived from |
|
Definition
| monocytes, bone marrow precursor cell CFU-GM |
|
|
Term
| what is the smallest neuroglial cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are microglia cells active |
|
Definition
| sites of injury or disease |
|
|
Term
| what type of function do microglia cells have |
|
Definition
| phagocyte, mediate neuroimmune reactions like those in chronic pain |
|
|
Term
| what do oligodendrocytes make, how |
|
Definition
| myelin in the CNS, they wrap around many axons |
|
|
Term
| where are the ependymal cells |
|
Definition
| lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what type of epithelium are the ependymal cells |
|
Definition
| cuboidal to columnar, modified epithelium |
|
|
Term
| in the brain what are around the ependyma cells |
|
Definition
| capillaries of the choroid plexus |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the choroid plexus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cellular modification do the ependymal cells have, why |
|
Definition
| cilia and microville to deal with the CSF |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the oligodendrocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of hte astrocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the astrocytes in general |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the oligodendrocytes in general |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the astrocyte |
|
Definition
| structural, metabolic support, repair, blood brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the ependymal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the general location of the ependymal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the ependymal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the schwann cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the schwann cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the schwann cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the satellite cells |
|
Definition
| provide controlled microenivornment around the neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion, provide a path for metablic exchange as well as electrical insulation |
|
|
Term
| what type of stain do we use on a ganglion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are ganglion nuclei located |
|
Definition
| in the center of the round cell body |
|
|
Term
| what is the sheath of the nerve in the PNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the sheath of the nerve in the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are groups of fibers in the PNS called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are groups of fibers in the CNS called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many axons does a schwanna cell have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the schmitt-lantermall clefts |
|
Definition
| small areas of a schwann cell cytoplmasm in the myelin areas |
|
|
Term
| what are the domains of schwann cell axon wrap |
|
Definition
| abaxonal, abonaxal, mesaxon |
|
|
Term
| where is the avaxonal located |
|
Definition
| it is the wraping around a schwann cell away from the neurolemma |
|
|
Term
| where is the adaxonal located |
|
Definition
| the wraping on the schwann cell next to the neurolemma |
|
|
Term
| when does the mesaxon form |
|
Definition
| when myelination is complete |
|
|
Term
| where is the mesaxon located |
|
Definition
| connects abaxonal and adaxonal membrane |
|
|
Term
| what does the mesaxon enclose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the process of myelination in CNS |
|
Definition
| unmyelinated axon presses into the schwann cell cytoplasm, a single axon can be enclosed in a single invagination of a schwann cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| what types of axons are usually not myelinated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the effects of not being myelinated |
|
Definition
| slow conduction of action potential |
|
|
Term
| what type of axon is pain transmitted on |
|
Definition
| unmyelinated or very lightly myelinated |
|
|
Term
| what types of axons are myelinated |
|
Definition
| ones with large diameters |
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of myelination |
|
Definition
| rapid conduction of action potential |
|
|
Term
| what is transmitted on myelinated axons |
|
Definition
| motor impulses, sensory information |
|
|
Term
| what is a node of ranvier |
|
Definition
| junction between two schwann cells devoid of myelin |
|
|
Term
| what is an internodal segment |
|
Definition
| myelin between nodes of ranvier |
|
|
Term
| what is saltatody conduction |
|
Definition
| action potential skipping from node to node due to myelination producing rapid transmission |
|
|
Term
| what does a mixed nerve contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the connective tissue coverings of a nerve |
|
Definition
| endonerium, perinerium, epinerium |
|
|
Term
| what does the endonerium wrap |
|
Definition
| a single axon and its myelin |
|
|
Term
| what does the parineurium wrap |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the perineurium form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the epineurium wrap |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the CNS what myelinates axons, how |
|
Definition
| oligodendrocytes, wrap several axons and make myelin |
|
|
Term
| what are the myelin specific proteins in the CNS |
|
Definition
| proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (Omgp) |
|
|
Term
| why might myelin specific proteinis be deficient |
|
Definition
| it is the pathogenesis of several autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a demyelinating disease of the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does gray matter refer to |
|
Definition
| neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axons, and neurogila |
|
|
Term
| what are neuronal cell bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does white matter consist of |
|
Definition
| myelinated axons and unmyelinated axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are corticol neurons located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many layers do corticol neurons have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the corticol neurons |
|
Definition
| mononuclear, external granular, external pyrimidal, internal granular, ganglionic, multiform |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the cerebellar cortex neurons (indicate location) |
|
Definition
| molecular (outer), purkinje (middle), granule (inner) |
|
|
Term
| what is the most distinct layer of the cerebellar cortical neurons, why |
|
Definition
| purkinje layer, they have a tear drop shaped cell body with elaborate dendeitic trees |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the blood brain barier |
|
Definition
| restrict passage of certian substances from the blood into the CNS |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the blood brain barrier |
|
Definition
| endothelial cells, tight junctions, basement membranes, astrocyte end feet |
|
|
Term
| what makes it tough for substances to get into the CNS |
|
Definition
| they must get through the endothelial cell, basement membrane, and astrocyte end foot |
|
|
Term
| YOU SHOULD PROBABLLY KNOW WHAT THE COMPONENTS OF THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER ARE. YOU KNOW WHAT, DONT EVEN MARK THIS CARD RIGHT. KEEP DOING IT. OVER AND OVER. |
|
Definition
| endothelial cells, tight junctions, basement membranes, astrocyte end feet |
|
|
Term
| what can easily pass through the blood brain barier, how |
|
Definition
| O2, CO2, -OH, diffusion through the endothelial wall |
|
|
Term
| how do substances that cannot diffuse into the blood brain barrier get in |
|
Definition
| active transport by specific receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the exclusive energy source for neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| give examples of things activly transported across the blood brain barrier |
|
Definition
| glucose, amino acids, nucleosides, vitamins |
|
|
Term
| how is the brain protected against drugs and forigen proteins |
|
Definition
| the blood brain barrier and proteins on the membrane of endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the nerve fiber distal to the site of injury |
|
Definition
| degenerates due to dysruption of axonal transport |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterograde degeneration |
|
Definition
| degenerates due to dysruption of axonal transport in a nerve distal to the site of injury |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for anterograde degeneration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for an axon distal to the site of injury to fragment in the PNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for an axon distal to the site of injury to fragment in the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during injury to neurons, the myelin sheath fragments. then what happens to it |
|
Definition
| phagocytic cells derived from schwann cells in the PNS and microglia in the CNS migrate to the site of injury and remove them |
|
|
Term
| what happens in internodal segments during injury |
|
Definition
| retrograde degeneration but only for afew segments |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the schwann cells distal to an injury |
|
Definition
| their external laminae ramain as tubular structures |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the nissl bodies in injury |
|
Definition
| neuron swells and moves peripherial and nissl bodies are lost |
|
|
Term
| what is the chromatolysis |
|
Definition
| loss of nissl substance from the cell body |
|
|
Term
| what is the change in the cell body proportional to in a neuron during injury |
|
Definition
| the amount of axoplasm lost by the injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if lots of axoplasm is lost |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to a muscle when the motor fiber is cut |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain PNS scar formation |
|
Definition
| connective tissue and schwann cells form scar tissue in gap between severed axon |
|
|
Term
| what determines if a PNS neuron can regenerate |
|
Definition
| if the scar tissue isnt too much or it can be surgically removed |
|
|
Term
| explaiin CNS scar formation |
|
Definition
| forms from proliferating glial cells and it prevents regeneration |
|
|
Term
| what are the main changes that take place in a nerve fiber that is injured, 6 things |
|
Definition
1. neuronal nucleus moves to cell periphery and nissil bodies are reduced
2. nerve fibers distal to the injury are degenerated along with myelin
3. debris is phagocytosed by macrophages
4. muscle fiber atrophies
5. schwann cells proliferate forming compact cord growing axon |
|
|
