Term
| where does the epithelium get its blood from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the epithelium located |
|
Definition
| covers body, lines things, secretory linings |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean that epithelium has polatity |
|
Definition
| each side of the tissue has a different function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches to the basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| what does the epitheloid cover |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes the epitheloid different from the epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do we classify epithelium |
|
Definition
| by nubmer of layers and cell shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| column or rectangle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more than 1 layer of cells |
|
|
Term
| in what spot do you look to determine cell shape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are examples of places with simple squamous |
|
Definition
| endothelium, mesothelium, aveoli, bomans capsule |
|
|
Term
| what and where is endothelium |
|
Definition
| simple squamous cells that make vessels |
|
|
Term
| what and where is mesothelium |
|
Definition
| simple squamous cells that make pleura, covers organs, lines body cavities |
|
|
Term
| in general where is simple squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do you find simple cuboidal epithelium |
|
Definition
| glands, ovary surface, kidney tubules, thydoid follicles |
|
|
Term
| where do you find simple columnar |
|
Definition
| GI tract, often lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| what cells have elliptical nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between cells and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the most rare type of epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is almost the most rare type of epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where would you find stratified squamous |
|
Definition
| epidermis, oral cavity and esophagus, vagina |
|
|
Term
| what are the physical characteristics of stratified squamous |
|
Definition
| tought, good to combat abrasion |
|
|
Term
| where would you find stratified cuboidal |
|
Definition
| sweat glands and ducts, exocrine ducts, anorectal junction |
|
|
Term
| where would you find stratified columnar |
|
Definition
| largest endocrine ducts, anorectal junction |
|
|
Term
| where would you find transitional epithelium |
|
Definition
| renal cavities, ureter, bladder, urethra |
|
|
Term
| what are the physical characteristics of transitional epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of epithelium is transitional |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where would you find pseudocolumnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| over cillia, trachea, bronchi, vas deferns, efferent ductules of epididymus |
|
|
Term
| what kind of epithelium is pseudocolumnar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe how pesudocolumnar looks |
|
Definition
| like columnar but not all cells reach the surface, it is one layer, all cells do reach basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of pseudocolumnar cells |
|
Definition
| secrete mucus via goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| in what two ways can stratified squamous epithelium present |
|
Definition
| nonkeratinized, keritinized |
|
|
Term
| describe the state of the cells of nonkeritinized stratified squamous |
|
Definition
| surface cells are still living (still have their nuclei) |
|
|
Term
| describe the state of the cells of keritinized stratified squamous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another word for transitional epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the epithelium |
|
Definition
| secretion, absorption, transport, protection, receptor, |
|
|
Term
| which cells function in secretion |
|
Definition
| columnar epithelium of the stomach and gastric glands |
|
|
Term
| what cells function in absorption |
|
Definition
| columnar epithelium of the intestines and cuboidal epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney |
|
|
Term
| how does epithelium function in transport |
|
Definition
| along the outside via cillia or across the epithelium to connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what cells function in protection |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium of the skin (epidermis) |
|
|
Term
| where does the epithelium have a receptory function |
|
Definition
| taste buds, olfactory epithelium, retina |
|
|
Term
| which cell types generally function in secretion and absorption |
|
Definition
| simple and sometimes pseudostratified |
|
|
Term
| what cell types generally function in transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tupes of cells are associated with permability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do basal stem cells give rise to |
|
Definition
| mature functional cells of the epithelium to balance turn over |
|
|
Term
| where are there basal stem cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the domains involved in cell polarity |
|
Definition
| apical, lateral, and basal |
|
|
Term
| what types of apical domains modifications are there |
|
Definition
| microvilli, sterocilia, cilia |
|
|
Term
| where is the apical domain located |
|
Definition
| towards the exterior surface of lumen of an enclosed space |
|
|
Term
| where is the lateral domain located |
|
Definition
| communicates with adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
| where is the basal domain located |
|
Definition
| rests on basal lamina anchoring the cell to underlying connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what function to microvilli have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cells that need what functions will have amny microvilli |
|
Definition
| absorb fluids and transport metabolites |
|
|
Term
| what is on the tip of a microvilli |
|
Definition
| actin fillaments anchored to villin |
|
|
Term
| how to actin fillaments attach at the bottom of a microvilli |
|
Definition
| to other horizontal actin filaments at the terminal web |
|
|
Term
| what gives microvilli actin filaments rigidity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is actin bound to the plasma membrane of the villi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do you find sterocilia |
|
Definition
| epidermis, proximal vas deferns, hair cells of the inner ear |
|
|
Term
| what supports the steriocilia |
|
Definition
| actin that is crosslinked at the base |
|
|
Term
| what is erzin, where is it |
|
Definition
| plasma membrane around seterocilia |
|
|
Term
| what is alpha-actinin, where is it |
|
Definition
| on the stem cell portion and apical protrusion of a stereocilia |
|
|
Term
| do sterocilia have villin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of modification are hair cells of the inner ear, what do they lack |
|
Definition
| apical domain modification, stereocili, lack erzin and alpha-actinin |
|
|
Term
| what is the pattern of microtubules in the cilia |
|
Definition
| 9+2, each doublet has a pair of arms |
|
|
Term
| what and where is ciliary dynein |
|
Definition
| in the arms of cilia, microtubule associated motor protien |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are CAMs, where are they located |
|
Definition
| cell adhesion molecules on the lateral domain |
|
|
Term
| what are interdigitating margins, where are they located |
|
Definition
| jig saw like grooves on the lateral domains |
|
|
Term
| where are cell adhesion structures especially present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of cell junctions are there |
|
Definition
| zona occludens, zonula adherens, desmosomes (macula adjerens), gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for zona occuldens |
|
Definition
| what is another name for tight junctions |
|
|
Term
| what is the most apical of the cell junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is a tight junction shaped on the cell, what function does this have |
|
Definition
| it makes a band or seal that completely encircles the cell stopping the flow of material between the cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the apical compartment |
|
Definition
| organ cavity or lumen of a secretory unit and, zona occuldens on the top and bottom form the outer layers |
|
|
Term
| describe the shape of zona adherens on the cell |
|
Definition
| completely encircles the cell |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the zona adherns |
|
Definition
| adhesion to the next cell |
|
|
Term
| what is found on the zona adherin surface |
|
Definition
| actin filaments belonging to the terminal web of actin, intermediate filaments, and spectrin |
|
|
Term
| what is the first line of defence against invading microorganisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the easiest way for bacteria, viruses, and parasites to get through the epithelia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does clostridium perfringens do, how |
|
Definition
| cause food poisining by targeting zona occuldens junctions |
|
|
Term
| what does hecicobacter pylori do, how |
|
Definition
| causes gastric ulcers and maybe gastric carcinoma, by targeting zona occuldens |
|
|
Term
| what causes infant enteritis, what is it, how does it work |
|
Definition
| a group of RNA viruses, inflammation of the intestines, targets proteins of the zonula occuldens |
|
|
Term
| what do oncogenic adenoviruses do |
|
Definition
| targets proteins of the zonula occuldens |
|
|
Term
| what do papilloma viruses do |
|
Definition
| targets proteins of the zonula occuldens |
|
|
Term
| how do dust particles cause allergic reactions |
|
Definition
| dust mite fecal pellets contain peptidases that break down zona occuldens in respitory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| how to parasites effect the epithelium |
|
Definition
| targets proteins of the zonula occuldens |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for a desmosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are desmosomes located, what is there shape |
|
Definition
| on later surface of cell, disc shaped |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of a desmosome |
|
Definition
| has a plaque with 12 proteins that marches to cell next to it to attach cells |
|
|
Term
| what is special about desmosomes in the epithelium |
|
Definition
| intermediate cytokeratin filaments are inserted on the attachment plaque to help out |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for a gap junction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of gap junctions, why is it special |
|
Definition
| the only known cellular structure that permits direct passage of signaling molecules from one cell to another |
|
|
Term
| where are gap junctions found |
|
Definition
| where cell activity must be coordinated like electrolite transport, vascular and intestinal smooth muscle, heart muscle, embryo |
|
|
Term
| what is a unit of gap junctions called, how many are in it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of connexin molecules |
|
Definition
| undergo comformation changes to open and close gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| what controls the function of connexin |
|
Definition
| calcium independent gating mechanisms, calcium |
|
|
Term
| connexin-26 mutation causes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are connexin-26 gap junctions, what are their function |
|
Definition
| inner ear, recirculate K+ in chochlear sensory membrane |
|
|
Term
| where is the basement membrane |
|
Definition
| next to basil domain of epithelial cells and their underlying connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what performs cell to extra cellular matrix junctions |
|
Definition
| basal domain epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| what forms the basement membrane |
|
Definition
| basal domain epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of basal cell infoldings |
|
Definition
| increase surface area and facillitate ineractions between adjacent cells and extracellular matrix proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at the contact zone of epithelial cells and basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| what do hemidesmosomes look like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are in the plaques of hemidesmosomes |
|
Definition
| intergins (transmembrane proteins) |
|
|
Term
| what is bullous pemphigod |
|
Definition
| an autoimmune diease where antibodies kill protein in hemidesmosomes |
|
|
Term
| what happens when hemidesmosomes are attacked in autoimmune diseases |
|
Definition
| mast cells are triggered and they release esinophil chemotactic factor and attract esinophils which release proteases to break down filaments linking plaques of hemidesmosomes to the basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| what is the physical symptom of bullous pemphigod |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the general function of the basal surface, what does this require |
|
Definition
| active transport, mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interface between epithelium and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only applies to epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue that supports, binds epithelium tonear by structures, and provides nourishment to the epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| structural and metabolic organ support, maintain body form, connect cells and organs, exchange nutrients |
|
|
Term
| where is connective tissue derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the components of connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the prodominate part of connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of cells does the matrix have |
|
Definition
| matrix producing, fixed, wandering |
|
|
Term
| where do matrix producing cells originate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do fixed cells originate |
|
Definition
| in tissues other than connective tissue matrix, then they travel to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that come to the matrix when there is damage then leave or die in the matrix |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of a fibroblast |
|
Definition
| make matrix, make growth factors |
|
|
Term
| where are fibroblasts located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is different types of matrix made if fibroblasts make all matrix |
|
Definition
| there are special fibroblasts to each matrix type |
|
|
Term
| what do the growth factos from fibroblast do |
|
Definition
| influence all cells around them (even beyond the connective tissue) to grow and differentiate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of a myofibroblast |
|
Definition
| contraction, shrinks wounds |
|
|
Term
| what do active fibroblasts do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you tell a fibroblast is active |
|
Definition
| larger, open chromatin, bigger nucleus, more cytoplasm, irregular branching |
|
|
Term
| how can you tell a fibroblast is inactive |
|
Definition
| small, darker, elongated nucleus, less cytoplasm, spindle shaped |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of a macrophage |
|
Definition
| clean debris or damaged materials |
|
|
Term
| where do macrophages come from |
|
Definition
| hematopoetic stem cells make blood monocytes which make macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what kind of active defence functions does a macrophage have |
|
Definition
| antigen presenting, enhanced phagocytosis of immune tagged materials, tumor resistance, secrete cytokines |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of cytokines |
|
Definition
| secrete enzymes to draw cells to an area that has macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what are some special things special macrophages can have |
|
Definition
| be small, epitheloid macrophages, multinucleate, contain phagocytosed material, cells or foriegn bodies, EM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregular surface, well developed golgi, many lysosomes, prominent rough ER |
|
|
Term
| what are basophillic secretory granules |
|
Definition
| blue granules in the cytoplasm that make cell more perminate and start inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of a mast cell |
|
Definition
| start inflammatory response, , store chemicals for inflamatory response, release leukotrines and SRS-A |
|
|
Term
| what important things does a mast cell have in it and on it |
|
Definition
| basophillic secretory granules, small round central nucleus, surface igE receptors |
|
|
Term
| what are basophillic secretory granules made of |
|
Definition
| histamine and hepran, neutral proteases and esinophils chemoatic factor of anaphylaxis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is a slow reacting substance of anaphlayxis |
|
|
Term
| what is involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the only type of connective tissue where there are more than a few plasma cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of plasma cells in connective tissue |
|
Definition
| secrete immunoglobins (antibodies) that have one specficity |
|
|
Term
| physically describe a plasma cell |
|
Definition
| basophillic cytoplasm, perinuclear pale area, round ecentric nucleus, alternating heterochromatin and euchromatin (clock appearance) |
|
|
Term
| what are plasma cells derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long do plasma cells live |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long do macrophages live |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do apidocytes aranged in connective tissue |
|
Definition
| single cells or in small groups |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of adipocytes in connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are leukocytes located, how many are there usually |
|
Definition
| in other tissues then are called to the connective tissue if they are needed so they are in varibale numbers |
|
|
Term
| in what type of connective tissue are there more leukocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do leukocytes increase presence in a tissue |
|
Definition
| when there is inflammation |
|
|
Term
| what do leukocytes do when they are done doing their job |
|
Definition
| they stay in the tissue and go through apoptosis or lysis, except lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| how long do granulocytes live |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most abundent protein in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of collagen are there |
|
Definition
| long fibril forming, fibril associated, network forming, anchoring fibrils |
|
|
Term
| where are network forming collagen located |
|
Definition
| in the basement membrane in sheets |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of anchoring fibril collagen |
|
Definition
| little collagens that connect things together |
|
|
Term
| what is the most prevlient type of collage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of type 1 collagen |
|
Definition
| fibril forming, resistance to force, tension, and stretch |
|
|
Term
| where is type 1 collagen located |
|
Definition
| all supporting tissue: skin, bone, tendons, ligamens, joints, holds skin to body |
|
|
Term
| where is type 2 collagen located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is thee function of type 1 collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of fibers does type 3 collagen have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the physical structure of type 4 collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is type 4 collagen found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of type 7 collagen |
|
Definition
| anchors fibrils, links basement membrane to underlying connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what are the principal amino acids of collagen |
|
Definition
| gly, pro, hydroxyroline, hydroxylysine |
|
|
Term
| what is the physical appearance of collagen |
|
Definition
| a polypeptide chain and a triple helix |
|
|
Term
| what modifications are done to the collagen precursor in the RER cistern |
|
Definition
| hydroxylation of PRO and LYS by vitamin C, glycolysation of hydroxylysine, triple helix formation |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the collagen precursor leaves the cell |
|
Definition
| the registration peptide is cleaved off making topocollagen |
|
|
Term
| what does topocollagen need to do to become collagen |
|
Definition
| aggregate into fibrils and form cross links using odixase |
|
|
Term
| where is preprocollagen made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the diseases caused by defective collagen |
|
Definition
| scurvy, osteogenesis imperfects, ehlers-danlos, alport's disease |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of reticular fibers |
|
Definition
| supporting framework for collular components |
|
|
Term
| what type of collagen forms the reticular fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do reticular fibers stain with |
|
Definition
| silver impregnation stains and are PAS positive |
|
|
Term
| where are reticular fibers found |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle, endoneurium, hematopoietic organs, parenchymal organs, early wound repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are elastic fibers composed of |
|
Definition
| elastin core and a fibrillin microfiber network, or organized as fibers |
|
|
Term
| where is elastic fibers in sheets |
|
Definition
| elastic arteries, vertebral ligaments, larynx |
|
|
Term
| what is elastin? what is it made of? |
|
Definition
| a globular proteiin made of GLY and PRO, desmosine, isodesmosine |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of desmosine and isodesmosine |
|
Definition
| create cross linking in elastin molecules |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of hydrophobic interactions in elastin molecules |
|
Definition
| random coiling of elastic fibers and the stretching, recoiling, and sliding of the fibers |
|
|
Term
| what does ground substance have in it |
|
Definition
| mixture of macromolecules, water |
|
|
Term
| where is ground substance located |
|
Definition
| fills the space between cells and fibers of connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of ground substance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the components of ground substance |
|
Definition
| glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| what are glycosaminoglycans GAGs made of |
|
Definition
| repeating disaccharide units: utonic acid and hexosamine, glucuronic acid or iduronic acid, glycosamine or glactosamine |
|
|
Term
| what are the families of GAGs |
|
Definition
| sugars, linkages, sulfation |
|
|
Term
| where are most GAGs found |
|
Definition
| covalently bound to core proteins |
|
|
Term
| how is hyaluronan different from the other GAGs |
|
Definition
| very long, rigid, made on cell surface, no sulfate, always free carbohydrate chain (no proteoglycan) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein core to which GAGs covalently bind |
|
|
Term
| where is proteoglycan found |
|
Definition
| in ground substance of all connective tissue, some are membrane bound cell surface molecules anchoring cells to matrix, some bind growth factors |
|
|
Term
| what are multiadhesive glycoproteins |
|
Definition
| proteins to which carbs attach, more protein, branched carb |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of multiadhesive glycoproteins |
|
Definition
| cell to cell interactions and adhesion of cells to substrate |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of fibronectin |
|
Definition
| mediate normal cell adhesion and migration, binding sites for cells, collagen, GAGs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adhestion of epithelium cells to basal lamina, binding sites for cells, collage IV, heparan sulfate |
|
|
Term
| types of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| loose, dense irregular, dense regular, elastic, reticular, mucous, adipose, hematopoietic, cartilage, bone |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of loose connective tissue |
|
Definition
| support structures under pressure and low friction, delicate, flexable, vascularized |
|
|
Term
| where is loose connective tissue |
|
Definition
| between muscle cells, supporting epithelium, around vessels |
|
|
Term
| what is loose connective tissue made of |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts, macrophages, moderate collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of dense connective tissue |
|
Definition
| resistance and protection |
|
|
Term
| physical characteristics of dense connective tissue |
|
Definition
| fewer cells and collagen, less flexiable, more resistant |
|
|
Term
| what is the structure of dense irregular connective tissue |
|
Definition
| collagen arranged without definite orientation |
|
|
Term
| where is dense irregulat connective tissue located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of dense irregulat connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the structure of dense regular connective tissue |
|
Definition
| collagen bundles arranged in a definate pattern, linear orientation of fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of dense regulat connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is dense regular connective tissue found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is elastic tissue made of |
|
Definition
| bundles of thick parallel elastic fibers mised with thin collagen fibers, and flat fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of reticular tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of tissue is reticular tissue |
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Definition
| a special loose connective tissue with fibroblast like cells |
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Term
| what is reticular tissue made of |
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Definition
| reticular fibers and reticular cells which partially cover the fibers and ground substance, macrophages in it |
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Term
| where is reticular tissue found |
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Definition
| hematopoietic and lymphoid organs: bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen |
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Term
| where is mucous tissue found |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ground substance and hyaluronic acid, few fibers, mostly fibroblasts |
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