Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wavelength and apature determines it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inversely related to resolution |
|
|
Term
| resolution limit of light microscpope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflected, emmitted, absorbed, refracted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| staining, can stain black or individual organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| create colored stains for light microscopy |
|
|
Term
| refraction/phase contrast |
|
Definition
| good for seein living cells, use phase anulus and phase ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorbin light and reflecting longer wavelength, called "stokes shift" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lets in only blue light for fluorescent microscopy 450-490nm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflects 450-490 and transmits light above 510nm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows only 520-560nm to get through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| improves fluorescent microscopy by detecting only light from focus object |
|
|
Term
| Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (Tirf) |
|
Definition
| allows visualization of molecules close to surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorb electrons, are metal, can give 3d images, gold silver or tungsten. |
|
|
Term
| Scanning electron microscopy |
|
Definition
| electrons bounced toward detector light spot and electrons bounced away produce dark spot |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| one organism resides in another, established in mitochondria by Lynn Margulis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| own genome, double membrane, and divide by fission process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depends on energy use in cell, sperm have no mitochondria info, mother donates mitochondria, used to track metabolic diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decorate mitochondrial outermembrane and allow water molecules and small ions through |
|
|
Term
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
|
Definition
| have folds called christae and surrounds mitochondrial matrix space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most abundant in high energy cells, contains cardiolipin, and the components of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains citric acid cycle that produces NADH |
|
|
Term
| 4 steps of electron trasnport |
|
Definition
1.)NADH is oxidize by NADH hydrogenase freeing two eletrons
2.)Electrones go to diffusable ubiquinone which goes to cytochrome bc1 complex
3.)Cytochrome c diffusable takes it to cytochrome oxidase complex
4.)electrons removed from cytochrome oxidase by oxygen to form water |
|
|
Term
| at each complex a proton is |
|
Definition
| is recruited from matrix and then released in the intermembrane which creates .2volt potential |
|
|
Term
| Short circuits by .2volt potential |
|
Definition
| are prevented by protein insulators and metal ions and heme groups which mediate electron transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generated in electron transport can be sequestered by cytochrome oxidase. can cause damage and aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| converts proton motive force into energy. composed of F0 head and F1 head connected by protein arm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spins with electron flow and attaches to head. similar to spinning of flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 binding sites, ADP + P, ATP, empty, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proplastids, amyloplast for storage, chromoplasts, for color, and chlorplast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double bound membrane plus thylakoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlcoses thylakoid space, houses electron transport chain, ATP synthase, and photosynthetic material. |
|
|
Term
| chloroplast create NADH and ATP with |
|
Definition
| using electrons donated from water, light energy (light reaction) photosynthetic electron transfer) |
|
|
Term
| chloroplast make Carbs with |
|
Definition
| energy from NADH and ATP (dark reaction or carbon fixation) |
|
|
Term
| Calvin Cycle (dark reaction)occurs in thylakoid |
|
Definition
| fixes Carbon using Co2 and with Ribulose 1,5 biphosphate to produce 2 3-phosphoglycerates. Regenerates Ribulose 1,5 biphosphate using ATP and NADH while producing 3 carbon carb, glycerate. |
|
|
Term
| Ribulose phosphate carboxylase |
|
Definition
| rubisco catalyzes catalzyes Calvin Cycle, most abundant protein on earth |
|
|
Term
| C4 plants (dark reaction) |
|
Definition
| in dry areas cuz pores close. C4 plants compartmenatilize Calvin cycle to bundle sheath cells. Mesophyll cells convert malate from Co2 and transport it to bundle sheath cells. Rubisco Oxidizes ribulose 1,5 biphosphate. |
|
|
Term
| Energy use in calvin cycle |
|
Definition
| uses 9 atp and 6 NADPH from 3 co2 to form 1-glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate |
|
|
Term
| Photosynthetic transfer step 1 |
|
Definition
| photon energy is captured by antenna complex of chlorophyll which funnels electrons to its center which is the photochemical reaction center, whcih collects electron energy. IT also seperates an electron from H20 to produce hydrogen and oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Photosynthetic electron transfer step 2 |
|
Definition
| Photon of light energizes electron in chlorophyll (photosystem II) Electron is transferred by resonance electrons transfer. The electron is replaced by removin electron from water. Manganese in proteins stabilize oxygen radicals created. |
|
|
Term
| photosynthetic electron transfer 3 |
|
Definition
| photosystem II passes electron to plastiquinone, and then to cytochrome b6-f complex.cytochrome b6-f pumps an H+ to thylakoid space as it passes its electron to the second photosystem using plastocyanin |
|
|
Term
| Photosythetic Electron Transfer 4 |
|
Definition
| photosystem I uses light energy from second photon to excite electron furhter. Electron is passed to ferrodoxin, and added to NADP+ +H by ferrodoxin NADP reductase. High energy NADPH is created, and AtP is created from protein gradient like mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolved from precursors using H2S as electron Donor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accomplished by two unique chlorophyll in photochemical reaction center, electrons are replaced by removing them from water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small globular, called gactin when unassembled. Actin filament is called f-actin, can be few micrometers in lenght. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from small primitive prokaryotic cytoskeletal proteins. Mlb, MreB, or ParM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport cargo along actin and apply force to exterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Requires nucleation, forms trimer of Gactin, Atp which is hydrolyzed quickly after assembly, uses polarity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assembly of actin preferentially occurs also called + end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| or - end, where disassembly occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disassembly and assembly occur at same rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ARP2/3 (actin related protein) |
|
Definition
| nucleates branched actin meshworks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CA++ activated regulates actin severin proteins and caps at severence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promotes actin instability by unwinding (actin turnover is 20x higher with cofilin presence) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caps end of actin bundle and prevents subunit exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundling protein that forms loose actin budles(muscle fibers) form dense plaque for cell membrane binding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form tight actin bundles (microvilli) |
|
|
Term
| Spectrin, MyosinI and Erm family of proteins |
|
Definition
| actin associated proteins that interact with membranes to allow support of membrane structures by actin. (spectrin=plasma membrane, links blood to actin meshwork), microvilli (myosin I) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activity of actin caused by CapZ ucapping, ARP 2/3 mediated assembly and cofilin mediated disassembly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves calcium mediated nucleation of filaments by gelsolin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actin anchors cell in cellcell cell substrate attachments, (cell junctions and focal adhesions.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include Rac, rho, and cdc42 which are regulated by membrane receptors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates lamellar protrusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulate stress fiber formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates filapod formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes all actin motor proteins and have globular heads with actin activated ATPase activity and a variable tail domain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alters actin cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduce critical concentration for actin assembly |
|
|
Term
| FAK, focal adhesion kinase |
|
Definition
| for focal adhesion binding |
|
|
Term
| myosin atpase activity cycle |
|
Definition
Atp binding releases myosin from actin
ATp hydrolysis moves myosin forward
release of ADP from myosin allows reattachment to actin, and release of ADP creates force for movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only myosin to move towards negative end. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows for different behaviors and cargos on myosin |
|
|
Term
| Contractile force generation |
|
Definition
| generated by action of bipolar myosin II thick filaments |
|
|
Term
| myosin II thick filaments |
|
Definition
| myosin dimers linked at their tails |
|
|
Term
| phophorylation of myosin light chains |
|
Definition
| form thick filaments in smooth muscle cells as needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large multinucleated cells containing thick filaments organized into permanent sarcomeres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dark binds=actin+myosin, light bands=actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determines actin thin filament length in sarcomeres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the + ends of actin in sarcomere attach to z disc and are bound by capZ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind and protect - end of actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positions thick filaments |
|
|
Term
| regulation of smooth muscles contraction |
|
Definition
| phosphorylation of light chains |
|
|
Term
| regulation of smooth muscles contraction |
|
Definition
| phosphorylation of light chains |
|
|
Term
| regulation of smooth muscles contraction |
|
Definition
| phosphorylation of light chains |
|
|
Term
| regulation of smooth muscles contraction |
|
Definition
| phosphorylation of light chains |
|
|
Term
| sarcomere contraction regulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium contaction regulation 4 steps |
|
Definition
1.)nerve impulses induce depolarization of cell plasma membrane and transverse tubule system occurs first
2.)depolarization of transverse tubular stimulates release of calcium from sarcoplasmic ER (modified er)
3.) calcium binds troponin complex causing tropomysin to detach from actin
4.)myosin binding sites are revealed allowing contraction to occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protrusion, attachments, transport and retraction of trailing attachments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lamellar protrusion is driven by cyclical actin polymerization at cell periphery, and cofilin dependent depolymerization at interior sites
Meshworks are assembled at edge of cels, by uncappin plus ends and filament branchin (ARP 3/2)
Meshworks are dissassemble by in interior by cofilin providing new subunits for assembly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mediated by formation of focal adhesion |
|
|
Term
| Forward transport of organelles mediated by |
|
Definition
| motor protein myosin I and V transport toward + ends, and dyneins, and kinesins |
|
|
Term
| retraction of trailing cellular attachments is mediated by |
|
Definition
| myosin II concentrated at trailing end of motile cells |
|
|
Term
| structure of striated muslce cell |
|
Definition
| microfibrils with m-lines, z-lines, a bands, i bands, transverse tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| actin of striated muscles |
|
Definition
| ancohred in Z using alpha ACtinin, myosin assembled in thick filaments |
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle contraction initiation and actin stucture |
|
Definition
| activated by light chain kinase, causing mini myosin filaments to form, and structure is mesh anchored by alpha actinin in dense plaqus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made up of alpha and beta monomers, smallest unit of tubulin |
|
|
Term
| circumfrence and diameters of microtubules |
|
Definition
| 13 subunits in circ, 24nm in diameter |
|
|
Term
| Microtubule associated proteins... |
|
Definition
| stabilize and bundle microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homolgous to FtsZ protein in bacteria, and is involved in division of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplast |
|
|
Term
| Key features of microtubule assembly |
|
Definition
disassembly and assembly occur at + end
assembly uses GTP
Beta subunit GTP is hydrolyzed which occurs shortly after assembly
GDP tubulin dissassembles readily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects growing microtubule, loss of cap creates catastrophe (disassembly) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growin and shrinkin microtubules present at same time too probe for targets like chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - end attaches to centrosome, and + goes searching in cell peripherary |
|
|
Term
| Microtubules nucleation occurs at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two centrioles, supporting material and microtubule nucleation sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| special centrosome cases:plants, fungi, and neurons |
|
Definition
| plants and fungi lack centrioles, and in neurons microtubules can detach from centriole |
|
|
Term
| Stabilization of microtubules is done by |
|
Definition
| MAP, and phophorylated maps fall off and create less stable more dynamic microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes loose bundles of microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in neurons and involved in alzheimers generates closely packed bundles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| induce microtubule catastrophe, are phophorylated and activated during prophase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a catastrophin that cuts microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonphoshporylated causes tubulin dimer splitting, and dephophorylation lowers effective tubulin concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associates with growing microtubule ends and helps them attach to target sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microtubule dependent ATPases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - end tubular motor, involved in chromosome seperation, cillia and flagella movement,and moving organelles to cell center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| + end kinesin motor, involved in mitochondria distribution, ER, pigment granules) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be accomplished by phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| packagin of dna into chromosomes, membrane systems like golgi and mitochondria fragment and diffuse througout dividing cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear membrane breakdown by phophorylation of laminins, formation of mitotic spindles, attachment of chromosome to spindle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allignment of chromosome, metaphase spindles are dynamically balanced at metaphase plate, - end directed motors pull chormosome poleward, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seperation and movement of chromosome to opposing spindles, seperation of spindles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reconstruction of nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
| cell division is proceded by |
|
Definition
| chromosome replication in interphase |
|
|
Term
| cell division is regulated by |
|
Definition
| M-CDK, cyclin and proteases like APC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| link sister chromatids during prophase, they are degraded during anaphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condense and package chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| position spindle in cell center during prometaphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| build spindle, + end motors assemble spindle poles, and - end motors seperate spindle poles during prometaphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attach chromosome to mitotic spindle during prometaphase. and exhibit flux, a form of treadmilling during metaphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - microtubule motors,and capture and stabilize microtubules, and move towards metaphase plate |
|
|
Term
| APC (anaphase promoting complex) |
|
Definition
| triggers anaphase, degrades M-CDK, and degrades inhibitory domain of seperase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cleaves cohesin subunit and leads to daughter chromosome seperation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minus end directed microtubule motors move chromosome along kinetochores, kinetochore microtubules shorten at kinetochore and spindle pole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plus end microtubule motors slide interzonal microtubules apart, which elongate, - end motors pull on astral microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in telophase causes active phosphatases to reduce phosphorylation of proteins such as MAPs, actin associated proteins, nuclear lamin, this allows reformation of nucleus reattachment of cell to substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contractile ring is formed in interzonal region which has actin and myosin II which create a cleavage furrow, which leads to a mid body of tightly pack tubules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a preprophase band of actin and microtubules is formed before mitosis and predicts the site of division. after chromosome seperation, microtubules called phragmoplast guides secretory vescicles with cell wall components to the division plane to form a cell plate, which forms new cell wall |
|
|
Term
| cilia and flagella move by |
|
Definition
| atp dependent dyneins sliding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microtubule structure that supports cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 9 outer doublets of microtubules and i inner doublet known as 9+2 configuration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains complete microtubule which has dynein arm(A), and incomplete (B), and are linked to inner doublet by spoke proteins made of nexin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounded by dense protein sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| + end are at the end of cilia or flagella, - end are imbedded in cell |
|
|
Term
| cilia and flagella are nucleated from |
|
Definition
| centriole in embedded in cell cortex by actin and filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short barrel shapes of triplet microtubules abc, A is complete and b and c aren't |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dynein is anchored to A microtubule and the motor interacts with neighboring b microtubule. Atp causes neighbors to slide toward their plus ends. this movement is converted to a bending motion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| move subunits to plus end for maintenance as old subuints are removed at the near end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| algae used for studying cilia and flagella |
|
|
Term
| intermediate filaments characteristics |
|
Definition
| easily bent but dont break, provide mechanical strength to cells often,and are specialized in function and aren't expressed in all cells of an organism |
|
|
Term
| Formation of intermediate filaments |
|
Definition
| two alpha helical domains form coil coiled dimer, which are linked head to tail to form tetramer, eight tetramers form intermediate filament. These can be bundled or crosslinked to make larger structures. Lateral interaction of IF makes them strong. |
|
|
Term
| assembly and disassembly of IF |
|
Definition
| assemble readily and disassemble by phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| organization of IF occurs by |
|
Definition
| neurofilament IF can bundle itself, plectin can associate IF with actin and microtubules,organization regardless is dynamic and distribution is determined by microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a major class of IF, found in nucleus and are regulated during cell cycle by phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mesechymal tissue is where it is found aka blood bone muscle, and form dense support network. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in all muscle typers, if desmin IF gene is broke, myopathies are caused, a genetic disorder in muscles |
|
|
Term
| Glial Fibrial acidic proteins (Glap) |
|
Definition
| found in astroglical cells which support the brain, like schwann cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in epithelial cells, and supports skin and structures like hair and nails. mutations of skin keratin cause blistering disease.keratin is formed from a basic and acidic monomer. over 15 of each monomer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in neurons, play role in neurogenesis, dimers formed by L protein with an N or an H protein.neurofilament determines neuron size. irregular regulation contributes to lougherigs disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulate fluid across epithelial cell barriers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide strong attachment of cells to eachother and extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow movement of ions and small signals between cells |
|
|
Term
| two types of occluden junctions |
|
Definition
| tight (vertebrate) and septate (invertabrates) |
|
|
Term
| function of occluden junction |
|
Definition
| variably permeable,regulate fluid across epithelial barriers, and functionally seperate apical membrane from basolateral membrane |
|
|
Term
| structure of occluden junction |
|
Definition
| branched network of contacts between cell membranes create sealing strand. |
|
|
Term
| homodimers of claudins and occludins |
|
Definition
| form sealing strand in tight junction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two classes of anchoring junctions |
|
Definition
| IF associated and actin assocciated |
|
|
Term
| actin associated anchoring junction two types and proteins involved |
|
Definition
adherins junction (cell,cell)use cadherin in transmembrane and vinculin intracellularly
Focal adhesion (cell matrix):integrin in transmembrane and vinculin intracellularly |
|
|
Term
| IF associated anchoring junction, two types and proteins involved |
|
Definition
Desmosomes:(cell,cell), use cadherin in transmembrane and desmoplakin or globin intracellularly
Hemidesmosomes:(cell matrix), use intergrins in transmembrane, and plectin intracellularly |
|
|
Term
| anchoring junction structure |
|
Definition
| intracellular anchor protein with transmembrane adhesion protein. IF are stronger. Junction can form isolated adhesion spots (macula adhesions, desmosomes,hemidesmosomes) or bands (zonula adherins) |
|
|
Term
| two classes of communication junctions |
|
Definition
| gap junction in animals and plasmodesmata in plants |
|
|
Term
| function of communication junction |
|
Definition
| allow signaling by small ions between cellls, permeability of gap junctions can be regulated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two connexons one from each cell, 6 connexin proteins form connexon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| channels of cytoplasm that join neighboring cells through holes in cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ER derived membrane tubes in center of plasmodesmata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcium dependent adhesion molecules with that form heterodimers from 24 alpha subunits and 9 beta for adhesion specificity |
|
|
Term
| morphology of extracellular matrix |
|
Definition
| basal lamina and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| extracellular matrix formed by |
|
Definition
| fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast |
|
|
Term
| composition of extracellular matrix |
|
Definition
| grounnd substance with embedded fibers |
|
|
Term
| ground substance types for extracellular matrix |
|
Definition
| glycosaminoglycans (gag), proteoglycans, glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long polysachirride, with negative which binds water and makes gel that resists compression, most common form is hyaluronic acid, a single linear molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GAG linked with proteins, with for functions (space filling, molecular sieving, cell signaling including proliferation, and regulate extracellular proteins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| huge molecules that bind gag's, fibers, and cell surface receptors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycoprotein, abundant in connective tissue, regulates cell adhesion and deletion cause fetal lethal mutation. Uses RGD to be recognized by integrins. can be remodeled by fibroblast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycoprotein abundant in basal lamina and helps form it, recognized by epithelial integrins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 25% of dry mass in collagen,strong as steel, 20 types. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms long monomer called pro-alpha collagen, in ER this is hydroxylated and glycosolated, which allows it to form trimer called procollagen.after secretion the proteins at the end are cleaved to make collagen non soluble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fiber that makes elastic fibers, found in tissues that strethc like skin and arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow cell migration, could be used antimetastatic therapies |
|
|
