Term
| What nervous system cells does the neural tube give rise to? |
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Definition
| CNS Neurons and Macroglia |
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Term
| What two types of cells constitute the CNS Macroglia? |
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Definition
| Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes |
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Term
| What nervous system cells do neural crest cells differentiate into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What embryologic structure gives rise to the ventricles of the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 types of glial cells, what part (CNS or PNS) do they play a role in, and what is their respective roles? |
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Definition
1. Oligodendrocytes - CNS, make myelin
2. Astrocytes - CNS, nutritive and supportive connections between capillaries and neurons
3. Microglia - CNS, phagocytes activated after injury
4. Schwann cells - PNS, make myelin and support non-myelinated cells
NOTE: There are also "Satellite" cells that play a role in supporting sensory ganglia in the PNS |
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Term
| What embryonic layer gives rise to microglia? |
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Definition
| mesoderm cells that migrate into the nervous sytem |
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Term
| Which glial cell type plays a major role in the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
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Term
| What role do Schwann cells play in the PNS |
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Definition
| Make myelin in the PNS and support non myelinated axons |
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Term
| What role do Schwann cells play in the PNS |
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Definition
| Make myelin in the PNS and support non myelinated axons |
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Term
| What two major roles does the blood brain barrier play? |
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Definition
1. Layer of defense against pathogens
2. Maintains a homeostatic fluid environment in the cerebral spinal fluid |
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Term
| What are the gaps between myelated Schwann cells called on axons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 roles do myelin play in conducting action potentials? |
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Definition
1. Electrical insulation
2. Speeds up conduction velocity |
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Term
| How many axons can an oligodendrocyte myelate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 signaling steps in an axon and where does each occur? |
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Definition
1. Input - dendrites and cell body
2. Summation - axon hillock
3. Conduction - axon
4. Output - axon terminal |
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Term
| Where does protein synthesis happen in the axons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ion is most responsible for the resting potential of a nervous cell? |
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Definition
| Potassium (Vrest is close to the Nernst potential for Potassium) |
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Term
| Is the cytoplasmic environment of a cell negative or positively charged with respect to the extracellular space? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which equation yields the equilibrium membrane potential for a single ion? |
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Definition
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Term
| The concentrations of the following ions are high in the intracellular or extracellular space: Na, K, Cl, Ca? |
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Definition
Na - extracellular
K - intracellular
Cl - extracellular
Ca - Extracellular |
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Term
| The resting potential of a typical neural cell is approximately what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which equation yields the equilibrium potential of a membrane with multiple ions present and how is this different from the Nernst equation? |
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Definition
1. Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (no net ion flux at this potential)
2. The presence of multiple ions means that this equilibrium still has ion flux across the membrane at the equilibrium potential, and thus still requires energy to maintain this state, whereas the Nernst does not require any energy to maintain |
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Term
| Ion permeability varies with respect to what variable in neural cells? |
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Definition
| Membrane potential. This reflects the opening and closing of voltage gated ion channels in the cell membrane. |
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Term
| What variable reflects the length of voltage spread down an axon from a location where current is injected into the axon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What variable reflects how quickly or slowly a specific area of an axon response to the application of current? |
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Definition
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Term
| What role did the voltage clamp play in the study of action potentials? |
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Definition
| Allowed people to fix the membrane potential to a desired voltage, allowed the study of individual ionic currents and the role they played in the action potential |
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