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| The body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as a social phenomena. The study of criminology encompasses; making laws, breaking laws, and reacting to broken laws. |
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| An act which in a specific society breaks the code of law. |
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| A model which reflects the fundamental values of the society that it upholds. |
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| A more jaded view of law. Conflict model sees the law as instantiated by the ruling class to preserve their existing structure. |
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| Can the theory be tested? If so do the result empirically support the theory? If so, the theory merits evaluation. If the answer to any of the questions are no, fuck it, you're done. |
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| Macro criminology theory attempt to explain why all crimes occur. Micro theories try to explain a more specific crime. Hurfdurf. |
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Originated by Cesare Beccaria.
Crime is a product of free will and choice.
Man is a calculating animal. |
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Emphasizes the use of the scientific method.
Uses accurate methodology and measurement to study crime and criminal behavior. |
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| Limitations of Criminological Theory and Research |
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| Most studies are based on limited data. The data is often generalized and the methodology is frequently unsound. |
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| The Uniform Crime Report, is a voluntary system that started in 1930, and was first used by the FBI. It contains reported crime, clearance rates, and characteristics of Crimes. The data is standardized. |
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| Hierarchy Rule: The highest of all of multiple offenses committed simultaneously is the only crime reported. Drug crimes are not reported, and police officers can tamper with the reports to reflect better on their station. |
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| NIBRS and how it improved on the UCR |
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National Incident Based Reporting System.
Started in the 90's. No Hierarchy rule, all simultaneous crimes get reported. It collect more information concerning the circumstances of the crime. |
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| Divide the number of homicides committed by the total population and multiply it by 100,000 |
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| Crime that is unknown to the police. This crime is omitted from the UCR. |
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National Crime Victimization Survey.
It is a random collection of data and is intended to represent the population. It is a biannual survey. Attempts to improve the dark figure of crime. |
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National Crime Victimization Survey.
It is a random collection of data and is intended to represent the population. It is a biannual survey. Attempts to improve the dark figure of crime. |
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Divide the amount of homicides by the total population and multiply it by 100,000.
Is equal to the product og the pevalence and incidence. |
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| Measured by dividing number of offenders by the size of a population. |
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| Measured by dividing number of offenses by the number of offenders. |
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Trends in crime categorized by, Age, Race, Sex, and Socio-Economic Status.
Additionally more crime occurs in the south. Crime went up during the 80's but has been going down ever since. |
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| The best known fact regarding criminology is that men commit far more crime than women. |
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| Most crime occurs from the age of 15-21. As we go past 25 years old, we commit less crime. |
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| Blacks commit more crimes than whites. |
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| Variation by Socio-Economic Status |
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| Lower Socio-Economic groups commit more crime. |
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| Classical School Asumptions |
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| Crime based on free will and rational choice. |
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| Why was the Classical School shit canned? |
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| Crime went up despite the implementation of Classical suggestions. |
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| Which school of Criminology emerged during the Enlightenment? |
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| Formulated by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen. If a target is not protected enough, and if the reward is worth it, crime will happen. |
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| Formulated by Cornish and Clarke. Assumes that people committing a crime have weighed the costs vs. the benefits. Also, every aspect of a person's background is analyzed. |
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| Criticism against Rational Choice Theory |
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| Not all criminals are rational! Hurfdurf. |
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| When someone is punished it is hoped to deter everyone from committing a crime. |
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| When an individual is punished it is hoped that the individual will no longer commit crime. |
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| Looks at a very macro picture. eg Crime rate vs. prison rate. |
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| Micro level examination, examines the impact of punishment. |
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| Criticism of Deterrence Theory |
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| Criminals do not stop to think about the consequences of their actions. |
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| When did the positivist school begin? |
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| During the Scientific Revolution[image] |
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| Came up with the theory on ecto, meso, and endo morphs. Under Positivism |
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| Positivism vs. Classical...ism |
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| Classical was more cut and dry while Positivism was more based on the burgeoning scientific evidence to be found concerning why crime was happening. |
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| Endomorphs, Ectomorphs, and Mesomorphs. |
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| Endomorphs are fat and jolly dudes, Mesomorphs are muscly and criminal prone,ectomorphs are introverted. |
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| Helped develop Physiognomy, the process which determines criminal presence based primarily on physical features of the face. |
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| Found that the only real biological difference between criminals and civilians is that criminals test as generally lower intelligent beings. |
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| Nationa Incident Based Reportin System. started in the 90's, contained no hierarchy rule, colelct more data overall than the UCR |
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| Used frequently to test for substance abuse crimes. The NCVS is perhaps the largest self-report study. |
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| The hypothesis that a person acts almost entirely based on the genes nestled withing himself. |
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| Basically sided with the nature side, in that the highest crime rate occured amongst the children who had criminal parents, not criminal foster parents. |
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| Identical twins carried very similar criminal tendencies whereas fraternal twins pattern's were much lower. |
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| Psychological Determinism |
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| Crimes can be caused by repressed memories, needs which haven't been satisfied during childhood, displaced hostility. |
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