Term
| what provides cells for bone growth, remodeling and repair? |
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Definition
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Term
| All mature bone is _____ and immature or primary bone is ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| the composition and arrangement of _____ is vital to the ability of bone to survive stress. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ composition determines most of the properties of various cartilage types and bone |
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Definition
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Term
| hyaline cartilage function |
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Definition
| cushion forces and a temporary skeleton (btwn joints) |
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Term
| elastic cartilage function |
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Definition
| flexible skeleton (ear lobe) |
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Term
| fibrous cartilage function |
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Definition
| anchors tendons and forms IV discs and pubic symphysis (similar to dense CT) |
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Term
| Type II collagen is found in which types of cartilage? |
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Definition
| hyaline and elastic as fibrils |
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Term
| type I collagen is found in which type of cartilage? |
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Definition
| fibrous as fibers; resemble dense CT |
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Term
| collagen has a high ______ content |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a core protein with GAG side chains of either chondrotin suflate or keratin sulfate that binds fluid, cations and growth factors |
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Term
| the proteoglycans attache to ______ to form a biochemical spring and resist compression |
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Definition
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Term
| WHat are GAG's? what kind of charge do they have? |
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Definition
hydrated gels that are space filling with a low mass and high volume
- negative charges that attract water |
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Term
| what are glycoproteins? example in chondrocytes? |
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Definition
adhesive proteins in CT that binds cells and ECM
example - integrins - glycoprotein transmembrane receptors |
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Term
| cartilage matrix is ______ due to the numerous negative charges from an abundance of ______. |
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Definition
basophilic; GAG's
- the negative charges from the cartilage binds the positive charges |
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Term
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Definition
| they are free cartilage cells that secrete matrix and fibers and persist in the perichondrium (around the bone) and undergo mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilage cells found in lacunae surrounded by matrix; binds to collagen by chondronectin; greatest mitotic potential during growth |
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Term
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Definition
| an adhesion molecule; a glycoprotein |
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Term
| Interstitial cartilage growth |
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Definition
| cells push from the inside of the ECm and occurs only in the young |
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Term
| appositional cartilage growth |
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Definition
| cells add to the outside of cartilage |
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Term
| what is the original cell source for cartilage growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the major growth promotor of cartilage> |
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Definition
| somatomedin C (from the liver) |
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Term
cartilage is (avascular/vascular) and has a good/poor regenerative capacity, with a low/high metabolic rate
does regeneration exist in adult cartilage? |
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Definition
avascular, poor, low
- it is negligible or non-existent but the perichondrium is the cell source |
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Term
| where is hyaline cartilage found? |
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Definition
| articulations, temporary skeleton, ventral ends of ribs, larynx, trachea, bronchi |
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Term
| where is elastic cartilage found? |
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Definition
| where flexibility is required such as the auricle of the ear, the auditory tube, the external acoustic meatus, eipglottis, and parts of the larynx |
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Term
| where is fibrous cartilage found? |
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Definition
| IV discs, pubic symphysis, linings of tendon grooves, attachments of ligaments and tendons |
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Term
hyaline cartilage:
- type of collagen
- type of matrix
- basophilic/eosinophilic |
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Definition
collagen type II as fibrils
- homogeneous matrix
- basophilic |
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Term
elastic cartilage:
- type of collagen
- types of cells |
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Definition
- collagen type II with numerous branched elastic fibers
- numerous chondroblasts |
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Term
fibrous cartilage:
- type of collagen
- matrix
- how is it different than dense CT |
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Definition
- collagen type I
- acidophilic matrix due to collagen with + charges; little matrix with proteoglycans and few cells
- has round lacunae and stains eosinophilic not basophilic |
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Term
| what type of cartilage is the IV disc? what are it's two main components? |
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Definition
- specialized fibrocartilage
- annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposis |
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Term
| what is the annulus fibrosis? |
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Definition
| fibrocartilage surrounded by external layer of dense CT with type I collagen in layers at 90 degrees; ruptures occur in the posterior portion |
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Term
| what is the nucleus pulposis? |
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Definition
| the hyaline plate, surrounded by the annulus fibrosis; a viscous fluid that is gel-like and contains hyaluronic acid and collagen II - can be compressed |
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Term
which of the following pairs is not correct?
1. nucleus pulposis - fibrocartilage
2. hyaline cartilage - type II collagen
3. proteoglycans - biochemical springs
4. GAG's - bind H2O
5. hyaline cartilage - negatively charged |
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Definition
| 1. - the nucleus pulposis (hyaline plate) contains type II collagen and hyaluronic acid and is a viscous fluid |
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Term
a 65 year old post-menopausal female on hormone replacement therapy is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which of the following conditions may be contributing to this condition?
- hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, excess vitamin C in diet, daily exercise, excess calcium in diet |
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Definition
hyperthyroidism
- normal thyroid levels are required for bone formation but excess stimulates osteoclasts |
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Term
| which cartilage cells are mitotic? |
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Definition
| chondroblasts; chondrocytes only during growth |
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Term
| which bone cells are mitotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the cell lineage for bone cells. |
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Definition
1. stem cells
2. mesenchymal cells
3. osteoprogenitor cells
4. osteoblasts and osteocytes |
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Term
| Why is bone not all solid? |
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Definition
| to decrease body weight while giving support and structure |
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Term
| what is compact bone (cortical)? where is it found? |
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Definition
contains osteons that each have a blood supply to feed the osteocytes
- found on the surfaces of bones (all external bone surfaces) |
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Term
| what is spongy (cancellous) bone? Where is it found? |
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Definition
it is bone that is only 0.2 mm and is separated by marrow (soft tissue) - has a honeycomb apperance and reduces bone weight
- found on the interior of bones |
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Term
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Definition
| it is layered bone found in all (osteonal/compact AND trabecular) mature bone whether compact or spongy; |
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Term
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Definition
the outer surface of bones containing both collagen and cells
- fibrous (outer) and osteogenic (inner) layers and sharpey's fibers |
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Term
| what are sharpey's fibers? |
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Definition
| anchors tendons and ligaments to bone; is an attachment site; the collagen is embedded in bone to reduce tearing |
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Term
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Definition
| osteogenic cells line inner bone surfaces (plus small amounts of collagen) |
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Term
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Definition
| non-mitotic cells that secrete bone constituents (collagen and matrix) - not-mineralized |
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Term
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Definition
| non-mitotic cells in lacunae that have cell-cell contact by gap junctions and are necessary for survival |
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Term
| what makes up bone matrix? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does bone contain for survival (2)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hypomineralized matrix; organic and not mineralized; secreted by osteoblasts |
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Term
| where are osteoclasts found? |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of bone requires a vascular system? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| haversian system where bone is layed down inside out |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the blood supply, lymphatics, and nerves in osteons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| canals between adjacent lacunae (osteocyte processes in canals) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-2 micrometers thick matrix with adhesion molecules and NO collagen on the outer part of the osteon |
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Term
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Definition
| connects Haversian canals; branches of the lymph, blood, and nerves go to several Haversian canals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| layers at outer and inner bone surfaces |
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Term
| what kind of bone is trabecular? what does that mean? |
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Definition
spongy bone
- no osteons - in bars |
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Term
| what is the critical thickness of trabeculae? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two types of spongy bone? |
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Definition
1. all immature bone
2. interiors of mature bone |
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Term
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Definition
| by the number of nutrient arteries |
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Term
| how many blood supply patterns do long bones have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
ends of long bones
- epiphysis is the end
- metaphysis - region of bone next to the diaphyseal side of the cartilagenous plate with ossification at the edge and resorption on the interor surface |
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Term
| is the bone matrix basic or acidic? what cells secrete it? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the major organic components of bone matrix? |
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Definition
1. collagen type 1 at sites of mineralization, fibers are cross-linked to enhance stiffness
2. non-collagen proteins - include binding proteins, glycoproteins and growth factors |
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Term
| what are the inorganic components of bone matrix? |
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Definition
1. hydroxyapaptite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] in form of needles or plates
2. amorphous CaPO4
3. carbonate, citrate, sodium, magnesium, potassium, trace amounts of fluoride and zine; minerals are stored in bone |
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Term
| what is teh chemical formula of hydroxyapaptite |
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Definition
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Term
hydroxyapatite crystals -
1. form
2. where are the zones of crystals?
3. hydration shell? |
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Definition
1. needles
2. interior surface
3. facilitates ion exchange between hydroxyapatite and body fluids |
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Term
| what percentage of bone weight is mineral? percent of volume? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the nucleation sites? |
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Definition
| collagen and secreted vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| derived from monocytes and are multinucleated due to the fusion of several monocytes; cause resorption |
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Term
| what are the 2 resorption mechanisms of monocytes? |
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Definition
1. hydrolytic enzymes - remove organic matter
2. secetion of H+ for high acidity - demineralization |
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Term
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Definition
| dense bone due to a genetic disease - osteoclasts lack ruffled borders and do not resorb enough bone - heavy dense bone develops due to poor osteoclast function |
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Term
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Definition
| internal architecture changes reflect bone function and reflect alterations in weight-bearing stresses and forces exerted by muscles |
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Term
| what are some things that lead to bone loss? |
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Definition
1. prolonged bed rest
2. immobilization |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased bone density - most common skeletal disorder in the world due to an imbalance in bone resorption and bone deposition |
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Term
| what are the major sites of osteoporosis? what are teh most common forms? |
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Definition
- vertebrae, femoral necks and wrists
- postmenopausal and age-related - estrogens decrease bone resorption
- other causes include diet deficiencies, endocrine, drug-induced |
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Term
| What 4 hormones increase bone matrix and how? |
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Definition
1. calcitonin - inhibits osteoclast resorption
2. estrogens - decrease rate of bone turnover
3. androgens - increase bone density
4. growth hormone - increases bone deposition |
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Term
| what are 2 hormones that decrease bone matrix and how? |
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Definition
1. parathyroid hormone - calcium shift from matrix to extracellular fluid (hypercalcemia)
2. excess thyroxine - stimulates osteoclast resorption |
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Term
Bone v. cartilage:
1. osteogenic cells become....
2. which divide? (osteoblasts and osteocytes/chondroblasts and chondrocytes)
3. which is vascular
4. which is mineralized and which has high proteoglycans |
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Definition
1. osteoblasts (bone) and chondroblasts (cartilage)
2. chondroblasts and chondrocytes in cartilage
3. mature bone
4. bone is mineralized with less chondroitin sulfates than in cartilage, low proteoglycans with low water; cartilage can become mineralized and is high in proteoglycans with high water |
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Term
bone v. cartilage
1. which had dense collagen and which kinds
2. which has a low (Ca)(P) ratio
3. bone has ___% collagen as dry weight and cartilage has ___ %
4. growth is ____ in bone and ___ in cartilage
5. in bone ____ secretes alkaline phosphatase and in cartilage ____ secretes it |
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Definition
1. bone has dense collagen type I and cartilage has less collagen and type II
2. cartilage
3. 90% in bone and 40% in cartilage
4. bone = appositional
cartilage = appositional and interstitial
5. osteoblasts in bone
chondrocytes in cartilage |
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Term
| what is the epiphyseal plate or growth plate? |
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Definition
| plate of cartilage that separates the diaphysis and epiphysis duiring bone growht; has zones of inactivity, proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification |
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Term
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Definition
- more cells than mateure
- more heterogeneous ECM
- always non-lamellar
- disorganized collagen |
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Term
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Definition
always lamellar
- collagen in a lamella is in the same plane but adjacent lamella are in a different one |
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Term
| what is the primary center of ossification in the long bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| major cartilage properties are due to which 2 things? |
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Definition
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Term
| bone strength is due to _____ and hardness is due to ____ |
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Definition
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