• Meaning: Slow
• Example: Bradycardia – a slow heart rate (below 60 beats per minute).

• Meaning: Inside, within
• Example: Endocarditis – inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.

• Meaning: Upon, over, on top
• Example: Epicardium – the outer layer of the heart.

• Meaning: Excessive, above normal
• Example: Hyperlipidemia – elevated levels of lipids in the blood.

• Meaning: under or below
• Example: orthostatic hypotension – low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up

• Meaning: Around
• Example: Pericardium – the membranous sac that contains the heart

• Meaning: Fast
• Example: Tachycardia – a fast heart rate (over 100 beats per minute).

• Meaning: A mixture or blending (often used in relation to blood)
• Example: Dyscrasia – an abnormal condition of the blood.

• Meaning: Blood condition
• Example: Ischemia – a condition where the blood supply to a part of the body, often the heart, is restricted or reduced.

• Meaning: Surgical removal
• Example: Atherectomy – removal of plaque from an artery.

• Meaning: Process of recording
• Example: Electrocardiography – recording the electrical activity of the heart.

• Meaning: Inflammation
• Example: Myocarditis – inflammation of the heart muscle.

• Meaning: Destruction, breakdown
• Example: Thrombolysis – the breakdown of a blood clot

• Meaning: Enlargement
• Example: Cardiomegaly – enlargement of the heart.

• Meaning: Abnormal condition
• Example: Arteriosclerosis – hardening of the arteries.

• Meaning: Deficiency
• Example: Leukopenia – a deficiency of white blood cells.

• Meaning: Surgical repair
• Example: Valvuloplasty – surgical repair of a heart valv

• Meaning: Bursting forth, excessive flow
• Example: Hemorrhage – excessive bleeding (in a short amount of time).

• Meaning: Stopping, controlling
• Example: Hemostasis – stopping of blood flow.

• Meaning: Condition of cells
• Example: Thrombocytosis – an abnormal increase in the number of platelets.

• Meaning: Vessel (usually blood or lymph)
• Example: Angioplasty – a procedure to mechanically widen a narrowed or blocked blood vessels.

• aort/o

• Meaning: Aorta
• Example: Aortostenosis– narrowing of the aorta.

• Meaning: Artery
• Example: Arteriogram– an xray of an artery.

• Meaning: Fatty plaque
• Example: Atheroma– a fatty deposit or plaque within the wall of an artery.

• Meaning: Capillaries (the smallest blood vessels)
• Example: capillaroscope – an instrument used to examine capillaries.

• Meaning: Heart
• Example: Cardiomyopathy – the general term for diseases that affect the heart muscle.

chrom/o

chromat/o

• Meaning: Color
• Example: Hemochromatosis – a condition where excess iron is stored in the body, affecting skin color.

• Meaning: Red
• Example: Erythrocyte – a red blood cell.

• Meaning: Blood
• Example: Hemoglobin– a protein in red blood cells.

• Meaning: Restriction, deficiency
• Example: Ischemic– a condition or process involving restricted blood flow to a part of the body.

• Meaning: White
• Example: Leukocyte – a white blood cell.

• Meaning: Muscle
• Example: Myocardium – the muscular tissue of the heart.

• Meaning: Vein
• Example: Phlebotomy – the process of making an incision into a vein, typically to draw blood.

• Meaning: Hardening
• Example: Sclerotherapy – a treatment method used to harden and close off abnormal or damaged blood vessels such as varicose veins.

• Meaning: Narrowing
• Example: Stenocardia - a condition of chest pain caused by the narrowing of blood vessels to the heart.

• Meaning: Clot
• Example: Thrombosis – formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel.

• Meaning: Valve
• Example: Valvulopathy – a disease or disorder affecting the heart valves.

• Meaning: Vessel
• Example: Vasospasm – A sudden constriction of a blood vessel.

• Meaning: Vein
• Example: Venous – related to the veins.

• Meaning: Without
• Example: Aphasia – a condition characterized by the complete loss of ability to speak or understand language.

• Meaning: Without, not
• Example: Anencephaly – a condition where a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp is absent.

• Meaning: Difficult, painful, abnormal
• Example: Dysphasia – difficulty speaking.

• Meaning: Half
• Example: Hemiparesis – weakness on one side of the body.

• Meaning: Excessive, above normal
• Example: Hyperreflexia – exaggerated reflexes.

• Meaning: Not, inward
• Example: Insomnia – inability to sleep.

• Meaning: Between
• Example: Interneuron – a neuron that transmits signals between other neurons.

• Meaning: Within, inside
• Example: Intracranial – located or occurring within the skull.

• Meaning: All, entire
• Example: Panhypopituitarism – decreased function of all pituitary hormones, affecting the nervous system.

• Meaning: Beside, abnormal
• Example: Paraplegia – paralysis of the lower half of the body.

• Meaning: Many
• Example: Polyneuropathy – damage or disease affecting multiple nerves.

• Meaning: After
• Example: Postictal – the state following a seizure.

• Meaning: Before
• Example: Presynaptic – relating to the area before a synapse.

• Meaning: Under, below
• Example: Subdural – located beneath the dura mater, a membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

• Meaning: Pain
• Example: Neuralgia – nerve pain.

• Meaning: Hernia, swelling
• Example: Meningocele – hernial protrusion of the meninges

• Meaning: Cell
• Example: Gliocyte – a glial cell.

• Meaning: Surgical removal
• Example: Ganglionectomy – surgical removal of a ganglion.

• Meaning: Producing, originating, or causing
• Example: Myogenic – originating in muscle tissue but affecting the nervous system.

• Meaning: Record or image
• Example: Myelogram – an imaging record of the spinal cord.

• Meaning: Instrument used to record
• Example: Electroencephalograph – an instrument for recording brain activity.

• Meaning: Process of recording
• Example: Myelography – imaging of the spinal cord.

• Meaning: Specialist in treatment
• Example: Psychiatrist – a specialist in treating mental disorders.

• Meaning: Field of medicine, treatment
• Example: Psychiatry – the medical field focusing on mental health.

• Meaning: Inflammation
• Example: Encephalitis – inflammation of the brain

• Meaning: Seizure
• Example: Epilepsy – a condition characterized by recurrent seizures.

logist

• Meaning: Specialist in a field of study
• Example: Psychologist – a specialist in the study of the mind and behavior.

• -malacia

• Meaning: Abnormal softening
• Example: Encephalomalacia – softening of the brain tissue.

• -mania

• Meaning: Madness or excessive preoccupation
• Example: Pyromania – excessive preoccupation with fire (can involve neurological or psychiatric evaluation).

• -oid

• Meaning: Resembling or like
• Example: Myeloid – resembling or related to the spinal cord or bone marrow.

oma

• Meaning: Tumor, swelling
• Example: Glioma – a tumor of glial cells

• -pathy
  • \

• Meaning: Disease
• Example: Radiculopathy – a disease or disorder affecting a nerve root.

• -phobia

• Meaning: Fear
• Example: Agoraphobia – fear of open or public spaces, related to mental health.

• -rrhaphy

• Meaning: Suturing or stitching
• Example: Myelorraphy – suturing of the spinal cord.

• -tomy

• Meaning: Cutting or surgical incision
• Example: Neurotomy – surgical incision into a nerve.

tropic

• Meaning: Having an affinity for, influencing
• Example: Psychotropic – substances that affect mental activity, behavior, or perception.

• vag/o

• Meaning: Vagus nerve (a cranial nerve)
• Example: Vagotomy – surgical cutting of the vagus nerve.

• radic/o, radicul/o, rhiz/o

• Meaning: Nerve root
• Example: Radiculodynia – pain caused by irritation or injury to the nerve roots.

• psych/o

• Meaning: Mind
• Example: Psychiatry – the study and treatment of mental illness.

• pont/o

• Meaning: Pons (a part of the brainstem)
• Example: Pontocerebellar – relating to the pons and cerebellum.

• poli/o

• Meaning: Gray matter (of the brain or spinal cord)
• Example: Poliomyelitis – an infectious disease affecting the gray matter of the spinal cord.

• phas/o

• Meaning: Speech
• Example: Paraphasia – a condition in which a person substitutes incorrect words, sounds, or non-words in their speech.

• neur/o, neur/i

• Meaning: Nerve
• Example: Neurology – the study of the nervous system.

• myel/o

• Meaning: Spinal cord, bone marrow
• Example: Myelitis – inflammation of the spinal cord.

mon/o

• Meaning: One, single
• Example: Monoplegia – paralysis of one lim

• mening/o, meningi/o
  • ment/o

• Meaning: Meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
• Example: Meningitis – inflammation of the meninges.

• ment/o

• Meaning: Mind, chin
• Example: Dementia – a decline in mental abilities, typically due to disease or injury.

• lob/o

• Meaning: Lobe
• Example: Lobectomy – surgical removal of a lobe of the brain.

• hydr/o

• Meaning: Water, fluid
• Example: Hydrocephalus – an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain.

• gangli/o, ganglion/o

• Meaning: Ganglion (a cluster of nerve cell bodies)
• Example: Ganglioneuroma – a tumor of a nerve ganglion.

• esthesi/o

• Meaning: Sensation, feeling
• Example: Anesthesia – loss of sensation, typically induced for medical procedures.

• encephal/o

• Meaning: Brain
• Example: Encephalopathy – a disease of the brain.

• dur/o

• Meaning: Dura mater (outermost layer of the meninges)
• Example: Subdural – located beneath the dura mater.

• crani/o

• Meaning: Skull
• Example: Craniotomy – a surgical incision into the skull.

• concuss/o

• Meaning: To shake violently
• Example: Concussion – a violent shaking of the brain, often due to injury.

• cerebell/o

• Meaning: Cerebellum (part of the brain)
• Example: Cerebellitis – inflammation of the cerebellum.

• cerebr/o

• Meaning: Brain, cerebrum
• Example: Cerebrospinal – relating to the brain and spinal cord.

• cephal/o

• Meaning: Head
• Example: Cephalalgia – a headache.

• alges/o

• Meaning: Sensitivity to pain
• Example: Analgesic – a medication that reduces or eliminates pain.

• AD (Alzheimer's Disease)

• Definition: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that leads to memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. It primarily affects older adults and is the most common cause of dementia.

• ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)

• Definition: ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventually respiratory failure.

• CP (Cerebral Palsy)

• CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)

• Definition: Cerebrospinal fluid is the clear fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and acting as a medium for nutrient and waste exchange.

• EEG (Electroencephalogram)

• Definition: An EEG is a diagnostic test that records electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp, often used to detect seizures, brain disorders, or sleep disturbances.

• ICP (Intracranial Pressure)

• Definition: Intracranial pressure refers to the pressure inside the skull and brain. Elevated ICP can result from head injury, brain swelling, or other neurological conditions and can lead to serious complications if not managed.

• LOC (Level of Consciousness)

• Definition: Level of consciousness refers to a person's state of awareness, ranging from full alertness to deep coma. It is often used to assess a patient's neurological function after injury or illness.

• LP (Lumbar Puncture)

• MS (Multiple Sclerosis)

• Definition: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to damage to the myelin sheath that protects nerve fibers, causing symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and difficulty with coordination.

• OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)

• Definition: OCD is a mental health disorder characterized by recurring, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that a person feels driven to perform to reduce anxiety.

• PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)

• Definition: PTSD is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. It is characterized by flashbacks, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event.

• Sz (Seizure)

• Definition: A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, or consciousness. Seizures can vary in severity and are often associated with epilepsy.

• TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack)

• Definition: A TIA, or mini-stroke, occurs when there is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, causing stroke-like symptoms that resolve within a few minutes to hours without permanent damage.