Term
|
Definition
| rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 - venous O2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Q X TPR - 2/3 diastolic + 1/3 systolic |
|
|
Term
| equation for pulse pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to CO if HR is too high? |
|
Definition
| diastolic filling is incomplete and CO dec |
|
|
Term
| what maintains Co in early stages of exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what maintains CO in late stages of exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what inc SV/contractility? |
|
Definition
| catecholamines, inc intracell Ca, dec extracell Na, digitalis |
|
|
Term
| what factors dec contractility/SV? |
|
Definition
| B1 block, heart failure, acidosis, hypoxia/hypercapnea, non-dihydro CCB |
|
|
Term
| myocardial O2 demand is inc by: |
|
Definition
| inc afterload, inc contracility, inc HR, inc heart size |
|
|
Term
| what conditions can inc SV? |
|
Definition
| anxiety, exercise and pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what drug can dec preload? |
|
Definition
| venodilators, i.e. nitroglycerin |
|
|
Term
| what drug drug dec after load? |
|
Definition
| vasodilators, i.e. hydralazine |
|
|
Term
| what things can inc preload? |
|
Definition
| exercise, inc blood volume and excitement (symp) |
|
|
Term
| what is the starling curve? |
|
Definition
| force of contraction is proportional to end diastolic length of cardiac mm fiber |
|
|
Term
EF
- equation
- what is it?
- normal value |
|
Definition
- SV/EDV
- index of ventricular contractility
- >55% |
|
|
Term
EF
- equation
- what is it?
- normal value |
|
Definition
- SV/EDV
- index of ventricular contractility
- >55% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- deltaP / Q
- 8nl/(pi)r^4 |
|
|
Term
| total resistance of vessels in series |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1/total resistance in parallel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polycythemia, hyperproteinemic states, hereditary spherocytosis |
|
|
Term
| what vessels account for most of total peripheral resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inc in MAP on cardiac/vascular fxn curve |
|
Definition
| inc in blood volume or dec in venous compliance |
|
|
Term
| dec in MAP in carciac/vascular fxn curve |
|
Definition
| dec in blood volume, inc in venous compliance |
|
|
Term
| what does a clockwise rotation of venous return curve indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a counterclockwise rotation of venous return curve indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the intersect of Co and venous return indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal pressure in: R atrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal pressure in: R vent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal pressure in: pulmonary artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal pressure in: L atrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal pressure in: L vent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal pressure in: aorta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what condition is PCWP > LV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forces push out of capillary? |
|
Definition
| capillary pressure and interstitial osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
| what forces push in on a capillary? |
|
Definition
| capillary osmotic pressure, insterstitial fluid pressure |
|
|
Term
| effect of CHF on capillary fluid exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of nephrotic syndrome on capillary fluid exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of liver failure on capillary fluid exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of toxins on capillary fluid exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of infections on capillary fluid exchangeinfections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of burns on capillary fluid exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of lymphatic blockage on capillary fluid exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of renal failure on capillary fluid exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of IV infusion of albumin/clotting factors on capillary fluid exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of venous insufficiency on capillary fluid exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| isovolumetric contraction |
|
Definition
| between mitral valve closure and aortic valve opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period between aortic valve closing and mitral valve opening |
|
|
Term
| effect of inc contractility on pressure-volume curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of inc after load on pressure-volume curve |
|
Definition
inc aortic pressure, ESV
dec SV |
|
|
Term
| effect of inc preload on pressure-volume curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mitral and tricuspic valve closure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aortic and pulmonic closure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid filling; with mitral regurge and dilated CHF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrial kick; with MI, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HTN, aortic stenosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrial relaxation/filling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atrial filling against closed tricuspid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to elasticity of aorta; effected by marfana dn syphilis; allows coronary a filling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inspiration -> drop in intrathoracic -> in capacity of plum circa so aortic closes earlier because dec return to L heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conditions that delay RV emptying = pulmonic stenosis, R BBB -> delayed pulmonic sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in ASD -> L-R shunt and inc flow through pulmonic valve so pulmonic closure is greatly delayed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conditions that delay LV emptying = aortic stnosis, L BBB |
|
|
Term
| what can be heard in the aortic area |
|
Definition
| aortic stenosis, flow murmur, aortic valve sclerosis |
|
|
Term
| what can be heard in the left sternal border |
|
Definition
diastolic= aortic regurg, plmonic regurg
systolic = hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| what can be heard in the pulmonic area |
|
Definition
| pulmonic stenosis, flow murmur |
|
|
Term
| what can be heard in the tricuspid area |
|
Definition
systolic = tricuspid regurg, VSD
diastolic = tricuspid stenosis, ASD |
|
|
Term
| what can be heard in the mitral area |
|
Definition
systolic = mitral regurg
diastoic= mitral stenosis |
|
|
Term
| effect of inspiration on heart sounds |
|
Definition
| inc intensity of R heart sounds (tricuspid) |
|
|
Term
| effect of expiration on heart sounds |
|
Definition
| inc intensity of L heart sounds (mitral) |
|
|
Term
| effect of hand grip on heart sound |
|
Definition
| inc migral regurg and VSD systolic murmurs |
|
|
Term
| effect of valsalva on heart sounds |
|
Definition
| most murmus dec; inc MVP and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| effect of rapid squatting on heart sounds |
|
Definition
| dec MVP, hypertrophic cerdiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| holosystolic, high-pitched blowing murmur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ischemic heart disease, mitral valve prolapse, or LV dilation, endocarditis, rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
| fcauses of tricuspid regurg |
|
Definition
| RV dilation or endocarditis (IV drug users), rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
| features of tricuspid regurg? |
|
Definition
| loudest at tricuspid area and radiates to L sternal border |
|
|
Term
| features of mitral regurg |
|
Definition
| loudest at apex and radiates toward axilla |
|
|
Term
| crescendo-decrescendo systolic mumur with EC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| radiates to carotids/apex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ass w/ pulsus parvus et tardus = weak compared to heart sounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| murmur that can lead to syncope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of aortic stenosis |
|
Definition
| bicuspid aortic valve, age related calcification, chronic rheumatic valve, unicuspid, syphillis |
|
|
Term
| holosystolic, harsh sounding murmur, child |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| holosystolic, harsh sounding murmur, child |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| late systolic crescendo murmur with mid systolic click |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most frequent valvular lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can predispose to endocarditis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of mitral prolapse |
|
Definition
| myxomatous degeneration, rheumatic fever, or chordae ruptur |
|
|
Term
| immediate high pitched blowing diastolic murmur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| murmur with high pulse pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| murmur with bounding pulses and head bobbing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aortic rot dilation, bicuspid aortic valve or rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
| delayed rumbling diastolic murmur with OS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| continuous machine-like murmur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| congenital rubella or prematurity |
|
|
Term
| compare cardiac to skeletal mm |
|
Definition
- AP has plateau
- nodal cells spent depolarize in diastole
- coupled to each other by gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| phase 0 of ventricular AP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phase 1 of ventricular AP |
|
Definition
| inactivation of Na and VG K open |
|
|
Term
| phase 2 of ventricular AP |
|
Definition
| VG Ca open to balance K efflux |
|
|
Term
| phase 3 of ventricular AP |
|
Definition
| rapid repol= K efflux and closure of Ca |
|
|
Term
| phase 4 of ventricular AP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the pacemaker AP occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactivation of Ca and activation of K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spontaneously depolarizes as Na conductance inc |
|
|
Term
phase effected by
- Na block
- K block
- CCB
- Beta block |
|
Definition
- phase 0 in ventricular
- phase 3 in ventricular
- phase 0 in pacemaker
- phase 4 in pacemaker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delay through AV node; <120 msec |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular depolarization; <120 msec |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contraction of the ventricles; < 350 msec |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isoelectric, ventricles depolarized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by hypokalemia and bradycardia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| purkinje > atria > ventricles > AV node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SA > AV > bundle of His/purkinje/ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SA node, atria, AV node, common bundle, LAF, bundle branches, purkinje fibers, ventricles |
|
|
Term
| torsades de pointes on EKG |
|
Definition
| shifting sinusoidal waveforms |
|
|
Term
| Jervell and lange-Nielson sndrome |
|
Definition
| QT prolongation with congenital sensorineural deafness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything that prolongs QT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accessory conduction pathway from atria to ventricle, partially depolarize earlier -> delta wave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregularly irregular, no P waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beta blocker, CCB, digoxin; coumadin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convert to sinus rhythm with antiarrhythmics (I or III) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I = progressive lengthening of PR until beat is dropped
II = topped beat not preceded by change in length of PR interval |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P waves no relation to QRS |
|
|
Term
| cause of 3rd degree block |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| erratic rhythm, no identifiable waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released from atria with inc blood volume and atrial pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constricts efferent renal arterioles and dilates afferent artioles, promoting diuresis |
|
|
Term
| baroreceptors in carotid vs aortic |
|
Definition
carotid = sense inc and dec; via IX
aortic = sense inc only; via X |
|
|
Term
| baroreceptor reflex pathway |
|
Definition
| hypotention -> dec pressure -> dec stretch -> dec afferent firing -> inc efferent symp and dec efferent parasymp -> vasoconstrict, inc HR, inc contractility, inc BP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inc pressure on carotid -> inc stretch -> inc afferent firing -> dec HR |
|
|
Term
| peripheral chemoreceptors |
|
Definition
| carotid and oartic respond to dec PO2 and inc PCO2 and dec pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in pH and PCO2 of brain interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inc ICP constricts arterioles -> cerebral ischemia -> HTN -> reflex bradycardia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HTN, bradycardia, reap depression |
|
|
Term
| largest share of systemic CO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| highest blood flow per gram tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| largest arteriovenous O2 diff |
|
Definition
| heart, bc O2 extraction is always ~100% |
|
|
Term
| how is inc O2 demand met by the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| factors effecting autoreg of: heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| factors effecting autoreg of: brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| factors effecting autoreg of: kidneys |
|
Definition
| myogenic and tuberoglomerular feedback |
|
|
Term
| factors effecting autoreg of: skeletal mm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| factors effecting autoreg of: lungs |
|
Definition
| hypoxia causes vasocontriction |
|
|
Term
| factors effecting autoreg of: skin |
|
Definition
| sympathetic stimulation imp mechanism, temp control |
|
|
