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| The physician who specializes in the study of the deseases and disorders of the heart. |
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| the area of the chest covering the heart. |
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| Center of the circulatory system. lies within the mediastinum and has a conelike shape. Roughly the size of a clenched fist and weighing less than a pound. The heart functions as two pumps working simultaneously to move blood to all sites in the body. uses three times more oxygen than other organs of the body. |
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| the broader upper portion of the heart. |
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| narrower lower tip of the heart. located just between the 5 and 6th ribs on a line perpendicular to the midpoint of the left clavicle. Usually just below the nipple. |
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| taken on all children under 2 years of age and on patients with possible heart problems. The stethoscope is placed on the chest wall adjacent to the apex of the heart. |
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| factors that influence heart weight and size |
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| age, body weight, gender, frequency of physical activity, and heart disease. |
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| thin, double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart |
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| The outer covering of the double-walled membranous sac which provides strength to the pericardium. |
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| Also known as the epicardium. The inner layer of the double walled membranous sac forms a thin tight covering over the heart surface. |
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| a small space(cavity) between the parietal and visceral layers which contains a small amount of fluid that lubricates the surface of the heart and reduces friction during cardiac muscle contraction. |
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| Name the three layers of the heart |
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Definition
| epicardium, myocardium and endocardium |
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| the outer layer of the heart |
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| the middle, muscular layer of the heart |
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| The inner layer of the heart. |
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| Heart in divided into four chambers called |
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Definition
| upper chambers;right and left atria(singular atrium) and the lower chambers; right and left ventricles(singular ventricle). |
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| are the receiving chambers. walls are thinner than ventricular. |
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| right and left ventricles |
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| are the pumping chambers. walls are thicker than those of the atria. |
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| common wall between the right and left side of the heart. |
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| wall dividing the ventricles. |
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| right ventricle pumps blood |
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| left ventricle pumps blood |
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Definition
| throughout the entire body. because the left ventricle has a greater workload its muscle is much thicker than that of the right ventricle. |
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| identify the flow pattern of blood through the heart |
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Definition
1.deoxygenated blood enters right atrium from superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.
2. next passes through the tricuspid valve
3. into the right ventricle
4. blood is pumped into the pulmonary valve then right and left pulmonary arteries.
5. carried to the lungs
6. from the lungs travels through pulmonary veins to left atrium.
7. passes through the mitral bicuspid valve
8. into left ventricle.
9. pumped through the aortic valve into aorta.
10. aorta branches into arteries distributing oxygenated blood to body cells(parts). |
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| brings blood from the head, thorax, and upper limbs into the right atrium of the heart. |
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| brings blood from the trunk, lower limbs, and abdominal viscera into the right atrium of the heart. |
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| valve in the right atrium which allows blood to pass into the right ventricle. |
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| carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to pulmonary arteries. |
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| carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood. |
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Definition
| the circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and back to the heart. |
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| carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. (two from each lung) |
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| where blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle. |
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| located in the left ventricle |
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| branches into arteries. carries the oxygenated blood from the heart to the body cells. |
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| the circulation of the blood from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart. |
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| arise from the aorta near its origin at the left. these vessels supply blood to the heart muscle which has a great need for oxygen and nutrients |
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| What is it that causes the heart to contract and keep the blood flowing throughout the body? |
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| Orderly contractions of the heart occurs because of specialized cells of the conduction system methodically generate and conduct electrical impulses throughout the myocardium. |
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| a cluster of hundreds of cells, located at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium. |
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| sinoatrial node is called what? |
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| the pacemaker of the heart. |
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| what does the sinoatrial node do? |
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Definition
| initiates impulses that sets the rhythm for the entire heart. once initiated it travels accross the atria, causing them to contract and forcing the blood into the ventricles of the heart. the electricity continues traveling through the myocardium to the atrioventricular node. |
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| atrioventricular(AV) node |
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Definition
| located within the interatrial septum just above the junction of the atria and the ventricles. |
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| What does the artioventricular (AV) node do? |
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Definition
| coordinates the incoming electrical impulses from the atria and relays the impulse to the ventricles through the bundle of His. |
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Definition
| a bundle of specialized muscle fibers. Enters the septum that seperates the right and left ventricles (interventricular septum). Divides into right and left bundle branches. it travels towards the apex of the heart around each ventricle and ends in fibers called purkinje fibers. |
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Definition
| fan out into the muscles of the ventricles, forming the electrical impulse-conducting system of the heart. receiving the electrical impulses from bundle of His, fibers cause the ventricles to contract. |
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| recap of normal sequence of electrical impulses through the conduction system of the heart |
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Definition
| SA node, through atria to AV node, from the AV node to the bundle of His, to the bundle of branches, and then to the purkinje fibers. |
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| large, thick walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart. as they continue they branch into smaller vessels arterioles. |
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| have thinner walls than arteries and are composed almost entirely of smooth muscle with very little elastic tissue. carry the blood on to the minute blood vessels known as capillaries. |
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| have extremely thin walls, consisting of a single layer of endothelial cells. the thin walls allow for the exchange of materials between the blood and the tissue surrounding the body cells. |
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| What is the exchange that takes place at the cellular level. |
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| one, the cells receiving oxygen and nutrients for energy and nourishment . two, the blood vessels receiving the waste products of metabolism for the removal from the body cells. |
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| waste products of metabolism |
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Definition
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| Where are the waste products taken to at the cellular level |
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| They are transported by way of the cardiovascular system to their respective sites for elemination from the body. carbon dioxide to the lungs and urea to the kidneys. |
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Definition
| the smallest veins, which collect deoxygenated blood from the cells for transport back to the heart. branch into larger vessels known as veins. |
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Definition
| have thinner walls than the arteries but thicker walls than capillaries. transports blood from venules to the heart. |
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| how do the veins transport blood from the venules to the heart? |
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Definition
| achieved by the contraction of the skeletal muscles which creates a squeezing action on the veins keeping the blood mowving in one direction: toward the heart. veins have valves in them that support the flow of blood in one direction by closing when the skeletal muscles relax, preventing the backflow of blood. |
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Definition
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| as the heart carries out the function of propelling blood through the blood vessels, it repeatstwo alternating phases |
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Definition
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| the contraction phase of the heartbeat |
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Definition
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| the relaxation phase of the heartbeat |
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Definition
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| what happens in the diastolic phase |
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Definition
| ventricles relax and fill with blood. deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the vena cavae and passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.Pulmonary valve is closed. Simultaneously, oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary vein and passes through the mitral bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.aortic valve is closed. |
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| What happens in the systolic phase |
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Definition
| The right ventricle contracts to force blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery which carries blood to the lungs for oxygen. the tricuspid valve is closed. simultaneously the left ventricle contracts to force the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta which circulates the oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. mitral bicuspid valve is closed. the heart contracts every second. |
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| the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries. reaches its highest value in the left ventricle during systole.maximum pressure and minimum pressure. The recording of these presure changes with the heart is known as measuring blood pressure. |
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Definition
| maximum pressure reached within the ventricles |
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| minimum pressure within the ventricles. |
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| blood pressure is measured with |
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| sphygmomanometer and stethoscope.reading is recorded as a fraction. systolic/diastolic. |
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