Term
Blood flow is defined as the volume of blood that moves past a given point in the cardiovascular
system in a defined period of time. |
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Definition
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Term
| If inlet pressure exceeds outlet pressure, blood will flow through an artery. |
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Definition
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Term
Frictional forces present between molecules in the blood create resistance to movement of the
blood (blood flow). |
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Definition
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Term
| The velocity of blood flow is directly proportional to cross-sectional area. |
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Definition
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Term
| The major site of resistance to blood flow resides in the large arteries such as the aorta. |
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Definition
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Term
| The valves of the heart open in only one direction. |
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Definition
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Term
Blood flow through the right side of the heart is greater than blood flow through the left side of
the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| The mitral valve opens when left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| The pressures developed in the left and right ventricles during systole are equal. |
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Definition
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Term
| Stroke volume equals end-systolic volume minus end-diastolic volume. |
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Definition
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Term
| Isovolumetric contraction of the left ventricle begins when the mitral valve closes. |
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Definition
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Term
Greater end-diastolic volume results in greater pressure development and greater velocity of
shortening in the left ventricle. |
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Definition
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Term
| When contractility increases, end-systolic volume increases. |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in dP/dT indicates that ventricular contractility has increased. |
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Definition
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Term
An increase in mean arterial pressure causes ventricular afterload to decrease and stroke
volume to increase. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cardiac myocytes are electrically and mechanically coupled to adjacent cells by t-tubules. |
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Definition
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Term
| The wave of cardiac depolarization originates from the AV node. |
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Definition
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Term
| The bipolar limb leads are each composed of a negative and positive electrode. |
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Definition
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Term
| The P wave of the ECG corresponds to ventricular repolarization. |
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Definition
| False-atrial depolarization |
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Term
| The QRS complex of the ECG corresponds to ventricular depolarization. |
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Definition
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Term
| The augmented limb leads are bipolar leads in the frontal plane. |
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Definition
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Term
| The six precordial leads are unipolar leads in the transverse plane. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a normal, healthy heart, the mean electrical axis is between 0 degrees and 90 degrees. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a heart displaying normal sinus rhythm, two P waves fall between each QRS complex on the electrocardiogram recording (regardless of the lead being recorded). |
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Definition
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Term
| Heart rate cannot be determined from the electrocardiogram recording. |
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Definition
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Term
| Funny current contributes to the pacemaker potential in AV nodal cells. |
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Definition
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Term
The plateau phase of the action potential in a ventricular myocyte has a duration of
approximately 200 ms. |
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Definition
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Term
| The electrical activation of the heart is initiated in the AV node. |
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Definition
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Term
The action potential of skeletal muscle is longer in duration than the action potential of an atrial
myocyte. |
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Definition
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Term
| The action potential of a cardiac myocyte does not contain an overshoot component. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Slow-response action potentials are present in SA and AV nodal cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| A plateau phase (Phase 2) is not present in a fast-response cardiac action potential. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cardiac muscle cannot be tetanized. |
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Definition
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Term
| Repolarization of cardiac myocytes occurs mainly through K+ efflux. |
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Definition
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Term
Influx of Na+ creates the upstroke (Phase 0) of the action potential in cardiac cells with slowresponse
action potentials. |
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Definition
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Term
| Inspiration causes a more negative pressure in the intrapleural space. |
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Definition
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Term
Pressures in the pulmonary circulation are higher than pressures in the
systemic circulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Alveolar and extra-alveolar vessels are in series. |
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Definition
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Term
| At total lung capacity resistance in the alveolar vessels is at a maximum. |
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Definition
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Term
| At total lung capacity total pulmonary vascular resistance is at a minimum. |
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Definition
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|
Term
As pulmonary arterial pressure increases, pulmonary vascular resistance
increases. |
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Definition
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Term
| Distension normally happens prior to recruitment of pulmonary capillaries. |
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Definition
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|
Term
In a standing person, the base of the lung has higher blood flow than the apex
of the lung. |
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Definition
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Term
| Zone 3 of the lung is normally not present. |
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Definition
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Term
| Decreased hydrostatic pressure can cause pulmonary edema. |
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Definition
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Term
| The baroreceptors are stretch receptors. |
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Definition
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|
Term
For the arterial baroreflex, the neural pathway from the caudal ventral lateral
medulla to the rostral ventral lateral medulla is excitatory. |
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Definition
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|
Term
An increase in arterial pressure causes an increase in nerve activity in the
Nucleus of the Solitary Tract. |
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Definition
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|
Term
A reduction in baroreceptor afferent activity causes a reflex increase in heart
rate. |
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Definition
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Term
| All baroreceptor afferents have a threshold arterial pressure of 50 mmHg. |
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Definition
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Term
The preganglionic sympathetic neurons are controlled by neurons with cell
bodies in the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system decreases cardiac
contractility. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Stimulation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors in the kidney increases renin
secretion. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Circulating angiotensin II acts at the subfornical organ to influence the
autonomic nervous system control of blood pressure. |
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Definition
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|
Term
A large increase in arterial pressure will stimulate secretion of arginine
vasopressin. |
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Definition
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Term
| The baroreceptor reflex only buffers reductions in arterial pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Total spinal anesthesia decreases sympathetic outflow to the vasculature. |
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Definition
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Term
| Total baroreceptor denervation increases blood pressure variability. |
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Definition
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Term
| Atrial receptors are located primarily in the left atrium. |
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Definition
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Term
| Decreased atrial B receptor activity decreases heart rate. |
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Definition
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Term
| The myogenic response of resistance arteries to changes in transmural pressure does not contribute to autoregulation of blood flow in an organ. |
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Definition
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Term
| The magnitude of functional hyperemia does not depend on production of tissue metabolites. |
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Definition
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Term
Resistance in parallel vascular beds is always equal (resistance does not differ between the
beds). |
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolic vasodilation only occurs in a feedback manner. |
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Definition
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Term
| If the radius of a blood vessel decreases, the resistance to flow in that vessel will increase. |
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Definition
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Term
| Contraction of vascular smooth muscle is dependent upon entry of extracellular calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels. |
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Definition
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Term
| Humoral agents that affect vascular tone act only on receptors in the vascular smooth muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
The endothelium is an inert layer that functions only as a physical buffer between the flowing
blood and the vascular smooth muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nitric oxide is a lipid-soluble molecule that causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
Stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine causes vascular smooth muscle to
relax. |
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Definition
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Term
| Capillaries in the brain are fenestrated. |
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Definition
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Term
The diffusion of oxygen from the blood into a muscle increases when more capillaries in the
muscle are perfused with blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Very large lipid-insoluble molecules cross through the capillary membrane by transcytosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| High rates of blood flow do not limit diffusion of solutes out of the capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon dioxide crosses from tissue into blood by diffusion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrostatic pressure within parenchymal tissue is close to zero. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma oncotic pressure is created by small solutes dissolved in the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid will flow out of the capillaries if filtration forces exceed absorptive forces. |
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Definition
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Term
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure increases when venous pressure increases. |
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Definition
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Term
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure decreases when arteriolar, or pre-capillary, resistance decreases. |
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Definition
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Term
| Common symptoms of heart failure are breathlessness and fatigue. |
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Definition
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|
Term
In a failing heart, cardiac output cannot increase sufficiently to meet the demands of the body
for oxygen during periods of stress. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In diastolic heart failure, filling of the left ventricle is normal. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In systolic heart failure, ejection fraction is preserved. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When heart failure is sustained (non-acute), the sympathetic nervous system is activated. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Inspiration causes a more negative pressure in the intrapleural space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pressures in the pulmonary circulation are higher than pressures in the systemic circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alveolar and extra-alveolar vessels are in series. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At total lung capacity resistance in the alveolar vessels is at a maximum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At total lung capacity total pulmonary vascular resistance is at a minimum. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Smooth Muscle is striated |
|
Definition
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Term
| Cardiac muscle is under voluntary control |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The epimysium is a sheet of connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fiber |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The triad consists of a voltage sensor and a calcium release channel |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T-tubules are inside the muscle cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The ATPase function in myosin is contained in the head region |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Myosin head consists of heavy and regulatory light chains only |
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Definition
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Term
| The protein that holds the thick filament in place is nebulin |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Dystrophin makes up the regulatory complex |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The actin active site is blocked by tropomyosin at rest |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Acetylcholine is released in the synaptic cleft during muscle activation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An action potential and a motor endplate potential are the same. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ryanodine release channel is a calcium channel in the SR |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Calcium release in the skeletal muscle occurs by mechanical coupling |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The power stroke occurs during ATP release |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Sarcomeres that are arranged in parallel generate greater force than in series |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An isometric contraction is a shortening contraction |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A tetanus is an unfused contraction. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In skeletal muscle the rate of calcium uptake is faster than the action potential |
|
Definition
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|
Term
A contraction which results in tension generation but not a length change is an
isometric contraction |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Maximal tension generation occurs at L0 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| L0 occurs at sub-optimal sarcomere overlap |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Slow muscle fibers are fatigue resistant |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Spatial summation of muscle fibers occurs by first recruiting fast fibers |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Muscle with heavy loads shorten the fastest |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Skeletal and Cardiac muscles have gap junctions |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Extracellular calcium is required for cardiomyocyte contraction |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Skeletal muscle contain more mitochondria than cardiac muscle cells |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The heart does not undergo tetanus |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| High afterloads result in the greatest rates of shortening |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Smooth muscle contracts faster than skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| An action potential has to be formed for smooth muscle contractile |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The latch state is energetically favorable |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Access to the actin active site is regulated by myosin phosphorylation |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Similar to cardiac and skeletal the removal of calcium is the only process necessary to result in muscle relaxation. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Duchene muscular dystrophy is caused by a mutation in actin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Becker’s Muscular dystrophy is due to an in frame mutation in dystrophin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dystrophin is a small gene. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| There is a cure for DMD/BMD. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| You can never exhaust your ability to regenerate muscle. |
|
Definition
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