Term
| Proportion of those individuals with the dz who have a true positive test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proportion of those indiviudals without the dz qith a true negative test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proportion of individuals who had a positive test and actually have the dz |
|
Definition
| Positive predictive value |
|
|
Term
| Proportion of individuals who had a negative test and truly do not have the dz |
|
Definition
| Negative predictive value |
|
|
Term
| Looked at in patients who are suspected to have MI or some type of heart problem |
|
Definition
| Serum Enzymes and Cardiac Biomarkers |
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|
Term
| Serum enzymes and cardiac biomarkers contribute to a definitive diagnosis of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 7 serum enzymes and cardiac biomarkers |
|
Definition
Creatine Phosphokinase
Troponin
Myoglobin
Carbonic Anhydrase III
Cardiac Myosin Light Chains
Lactic Dehydrogenase
Aspartate Aminotransferase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ assessment is considered the gold standard for cardiac injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 4 facts about blood lipids |
|
Definition
1. Hyperlipidemia - a major risk factor
2. Serum cholesterol & Triglycerides
3. Associated with ingestion of excess amounts of saturated fat and cholesterol
4. Breakdown consists of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and ratio of total to HDL |
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|
Term
| What is the worst case scenariod |
|
Definition
| High LDL and/or high triglycerides |
|
|
Term
| A type of amino acid found in blood; when elevated it is linked to cardiovascular dz. Elevated level is >13 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are low levels of folate and vitamin B good or bad? |
|
Definition
| Bad. They are risk factors for CAD |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 potential clinical lab risk factors for CAD |
|
Definition
1. Elevated Homocysteine
2. Low Folate and Vitamin B
3. Fibrinogen and elevated WBC
4. Highly sensitive C-reactive protein
5. BNP |
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|
Term
| What is normal, average, and high risk levels of C-reactive protein? |
|
Definition
Normal = <1.0
Average = 1.0-3.0
High = >3.0 |
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|
Term
| A protein produced by the ventricles of the heart, important in the diagnosis of heart failure. |
|
Definition
| BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things should be evaluated in a complete blood cell count |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What value of hemoglobin is a red flag for out of bed activities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is monitored for body's response to infectious dz |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for elevated WBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for decreased WBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things measure the coagulation of blood |
|
Definition
Prothrombin Time
Partial Thromboplastin Time |
|
|
Term
| Why do you care to watch PT and PTT levels in pt after heart surgery? |
|
Definition
| Be careful no to get too thin due to easy bruising or have bleeding with mild cut. Don't want it to get too high because they can get a DVT while bedridden |
|
|
Term
| Target of 3 (post MI) and 2.5-3.0 (other clotting problems) |
|
Definition
| International Normalized Ratio (INR) |
|
|
Term
| An increase in this is most commonly related to increased numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, or monocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A decrease in this is usually due to viral infections, bone marrow suppression, and chemotherapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in this value may be due to acute infections or tissue breakdown |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in this may be due to a chronic bacterial infection, viral infection, or lymphocytic leukemias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A decrease in this may be due to stress situations, corticosteroid use, or chemotherapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in this value can be due to TB, viral infections, or chronic inflammatory disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the job of a monocyte? |
|
Definition
| to gobble up stuff in the tissues |
|
|
Term
| Why might monocyte levels be decreased? |
|
Definition
| Aplastic anemia, lymphocytic leukemias |
|
|
Term
| Why might eosinophil levels be increased? |
|
Definition
| Alergic reactions, eczema, parasitic infections, leukemia, or autoimmune diseases |
|
|
Term
| Why might eosinophil levels be decreased? |
|
Definition
| Stress situations, acute infections, or sepsis |
|
|
Term
| Why might basophil levels be increased? |
|
Definition
| Leukemia or inflammatory processes |
|
|
Term
| Long term corticosteroid use may do what? |
|
Definition
| Decrease bone density and immunity |
|
|
Term
| Decreased basophil levels may be due to what? |
|
Definition
| Stress reactions, hypersensitivity reactions, or corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| High does high altitude levels increase RBC? |
|
Definition
| Because you need to produce more RBC to accommodate |
|
|
Term
| Occurs when blood cells get thick and there is an increased risk for clots. Pt may need to get blood taken from them regularly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What might cause RBC to be elevated? |
|
Definition
| Dehydration, high altitude, polycythemia vera, or cardiovascular dz |
|
|
Term
| What might cause RBC to be decreased? |
|
Definition
| Anemias, hemorrhage, or marrow failure |
|
|
Term
| Why might there be an increase in platelets? |
|
Definition
| Malignancy, collagen disorders, or acute infections |
|
|
Term
| What is thrombocytopenia a sign of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What might be the cause of prolonged PT? |
|
Definition
| Anticoagulation therapy, liver dz, or decreased Vitamin K |
|
|
Term
| What might cause decreased PT? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin K supplementation |
|
|
Term
| What might cause prolonged PTT? |
|
Definition
| Anticoagulation therapy, liver dz, decreased vitamin K |
|
|
Term
| When might a person have a decreased PTT? |
|
Definition
| Immediately after acute hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Potassium
Sodium
Carbon Dioxide |
|
|
Term
| Dehydration means decreased what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do we need electrolyte levels testes? |
|
Definition
| To check hydration state, medications, and dz |
|
|
Term
| What are normal BUN levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things might BUN indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is BUN unsuitable as a single measure for renal disease? |
|
Definition
| It could be elevated due to heart failure |
|
|
Term
| What value tells mainly about renal failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are normal creatinine levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes elevated Bilirubin? |
|
Definition
| Hepatic cellular damage, biliary obstruction, and prolonged fasting |
|
|
Term
| What causes decreased bilirubin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes increased BUN? |
|
Definition
| Renal failure, GI bleed, acute MI, stress |
|
|
Term
| What can cause a decrease in BUN? |
|
Definition
| Diuresis, low protein/high carb diet, or impaired absorption |
|
|
Term
| What may cause elevated BNP? |
|
Definition
| CHF, LV dysfunction, or cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| What is BNP values correlated to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause elevated Glycosylated Hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| DM with poor blood sugar control |
|
|
Term
| Name the causes for elevated calcium. |
|
Definition
| Hyperparathyroidism, Vitamin D intoxication, acute osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| What might cause decreased calcium levels? |
|
Definition
| Hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| What might cause increased chloride levels? |
|
Definition
| Metabolic acidosis due to prolonged diarrhea or renal dz |
|
|
Term
| What might cause decreased chloride levels? |
|
Definition
| Prolonged vomiting or NG suction, salt losing renal dz, or water intoxication |
|
|
Term
| What may cause increased PotassiuM? |
|
Definition
| Impaired excretion or decreased blood volume |
|
|
Term
| What can cause decreased potassium? |
|
Definition
| Diuretics, GI loss, severe eating disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of neutrophils make up WBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of lymphocytes make up WBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of monocytes make up WBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of eosinophils make up WBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of basophils make up WBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would a persons WBC count be if they had leukopenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are risks of bleeding complications in ___ patients that can include intracranial bleeding, intra-articular bleeding, hematomas, and others. This pt would be recommended to do less vigorous activity with levels of 50,000-100,000 and no therapy or exercise with levels below 20,000. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the platelet count for thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would a pts RBC count be if they had polycythemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does pancytopenia mean? |
|
Definition
| Abnormally low counts of RBCs, all WBC types, and platelets |
|
|
Term
| A continuous 24 hour electrocardiographic monitoring of a patient's heart rhythm. Essential to the diagnosis and management of episodes of cardiac arrhythmias and symptoms. Patient's demonstrating life-threatening arrhythmias while on this monitor may be referred to electrophysiological ventricular tachycardia (EPS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This diagnostic test uses pulse reflected ultrasound to evaluate the functioning of the heart. It provides real time images of the beating heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What information can be derived from an echocardiography? |
|
Definition
| Size of ventricular cavity, thickness and integrity of interatrial and intraventricular septa, functioning of valves, motions of individual segments of ventricular wall |
|
|
Term
| This diagnostic test quantifies volumes of left ventricle, estimates SV and EF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This may be done on large patients to improve the view of the heart and mediastinum. It also may help in the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse. |
|
Definition
| Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) |
|
|
Term
| This diagnostic test uses an intravenous contrast agent with echocardiogram. It assesses myocardial perfusion and ventricular chambers. It may be used with TEE or epicardial echocardiography to assess distribution of cardioplegia and degree of valvular regurgitation |
|
Definition
| Contrast Echocardiography |
|
|
Term
| A nuclear technique that provides visualization and direct measurement of metabolic functioning. It is the gold standard for blood flow measurement. It is costly, used a lot to diagnose cancer, and can detect jeopardized but viable myocardium without exercise. |
|
Definition
| PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography) |
|
|
Term
| This diagnostic test is used to identify masses in cardiovascular system or to detect aortic aneurysms or pericardial thickening. |
|
Definition
| CT Scan (Computed Tomography) |
|
|
Term
| This diagnostic test is used to detect and quantify myocardial perfusion defects and contractility defects. It is used in conjunction with radioactive isotopes that may be injected or taken orally. |
|
Definition
| Single-Photon Emission CT |
|
|
Term
| This diagnostic test is used to detect calcium in coronary arteries and quantify coronary atherosclerosis. Patients with coronary calcifications may identify those high risk for future MI and CAD. This test may be performed if the pt is symptomatic or has angina. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This diagnostic test calculates left ventricular ejection fraction. It is non-invasive and can be used on critically ill cardiac pts |
|
Definition
| Multigated Acquisition Imaging |
|
|
Term
| This diagnostic test is used to evaluate morphology, cardiac blood flow, and myocardial contractility. It has similar accuracy to the PET scan but is more available and less expensive. |
|
Definition
| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) |
|
|
Term
| This diagnostic test uses magnetic and radio wave energy to take pictures of blood vessels. |
|
Definition
| MRA (magnetic resonance angiogram) |
|
|
Term
| What does decreased EF mean? |
|
Definition
| Not getting enough blood flow to the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
| The middle ground between a person with CHF and waiting to get a transplant |
|
Definition
| LVAD (Left Ventricular Assistive Device) |
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