Term
| why birds have evolved a higher relative metabolic rate, heart rate, body temperature and blood pressure |
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Definition
| because of the high energy demand for flight |
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Term
| in birds, these things are relatively higher due to the high energy demand for flight |
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Definition
-metabolic rate
-heart rate
-body temperature
-blood pressure |
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Term
| What is the heart rate of a chicken? |
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Definition
350 – 475 bpm
ball park…could be 280 for chick, 470 for 1 week old, 250 broiler, 300 mature male, 350 mature female |
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Term
| the different functions of the circulatory system |
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Definition
-transport
-pH and body fluid regulation
-thermoregulation |
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Term
| some things transported by blood |
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Definition
-Nutrients from the alimentary tract to the tissues
-Blood gases (i.e., O2 and CO2) from lungs to tissues and back to lungs
-Metabolic waste – removal of waste products from the tissues and products of metabolism
-Hormones produced by endocrine system to their target tissues
-Immune cells for protection – leukocytes and antibodies |
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Term
| how the circulatory system functions in pH and body fluid regulation |
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Definition
-Acid-base balance (pH)
-Blood pressure and heart rate |
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Term
| reaction that takes place in blood that can lower pH |
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Definition
| H2O + CO2 --> H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- |
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| lower pH in blood can lead to... |
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Definition
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Term
| how the circulatory system participates in thermoregulation |
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Definition
-Vasoconstriction – cold
-Vasodilatation - hot |
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Term
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Definition
| straw colored fluid portion of the blood that is the carrier for other blood components, such as proteins, such as albumen, hormones, and antibodies |
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Definition
| contains white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (aka thrombocytes) |
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Definition
| the percentage of red blood cells in circulating blood |
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| erythrocytes (red blood cells) produced by... |
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Definition
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Term
| function of erythrocytes (red blood cells) |
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Definition
| hemoglobin, Iron containing protein that carries oxygen and exchanges it with tissues |
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Term
| differences between avian and mammalian erythrocytes (red blood cells) |
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Definition
-Oral shaped and larger than mammalian RBC (1.5x larger)
-RBC are nucleated in birds
[image] |
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Term
| what white blood cells do |
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Definition
| Participate in protecting the body from infection |
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Term
| where white blood cells are produced |
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Definition
| Produced in the spleen, lymphoid tissue and in special cells in the bone marrow. |
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Term
| some other details about white blood cells |
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Definition
-Nucleated with a colorless cytoplasm
-Most WBC are phagocytic - a cell that engulfs and absorbs waste material, harmful microorganisms, or other foreign bodies in the bloodstream and tissues
[image] |
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Term
| How do human and avian erythrocytes differ? |
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Definition
| In birds, erythrocytes are oral shaped, nucleated, and 1.5x larger than mammalian RBC |
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Term
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Definition
fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart and allows it to beat with minimal friction
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| allows the heart to beat with minimal friction |
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Term
| Trace the flow of blood through the heart as it enters the heart from the systemic circulatory system, travels to the pulmonary circulation and finally leaves the heart in a return to the systemic system. |
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Definition
| inferior and superior vena cava → RA → right atriventricular valve (tricuspid) (lub) → right ventricle → pulmonary valves (dub) → pulmonary artery → lungs (picked up O and discharged CO2) → pulmonary veins (R&L) → left atrium → left AV valve (bicuspid, mital) (lub) → left ventricle → aortic valves (dub) → aorta → systemic |
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Term
| depiction of the flow of blood through the heart as it enters the heart from the systemic circulatory system, travels to the pulmonary circulation and finally leaves the heart in a return to the systemic system |
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Definition
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| the typical pattern of blood flow through the systemic circulatory system |
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Definition
| Arteries --> Arterioles --> Capillaries --> Venules --> Veins --> heart |
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Term
| depiction of the typical pattern of blood flow through the systemic circulatory system |
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-Leaves right ventricle of the heart and divides into left and right branches,
-Each pulmonary artery branch enters corresponding (static) lung lobe where blood exchanges carbon dioxide (waste) for oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leaves the left ventricle divides to supply 2 coronary arteries that supply heart itself, and supply remainder of the body |
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Term
| difference between the pulmonary artery and aorta |
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Definition
-Pulmonary artery:
+Leaves right ventricle of the heart and divides into left and right branches,
+Each pulmonary artery branch enters corresponding (static) lung lobe where blood exchanges carbon dioxide (waste) for oxygen.
-Aorta:
+Leaves the left ventricle divides to supply 2 coronary arteries that supply heart itself, and supply remainder of the body |
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Definition
| vein that returns blood from the abdomen and lower body to the heart |
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Definition
| vein that returns blood from the head (via jugular veins), and upper body (wings, thoracic region) to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| the veins that bring blood from the lungs to the heart |
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Term
| this takes deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle |
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Definition
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Term
| what the pulmonary artery does |
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Definition
| takes deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| systems where venous capillary beds interact with organs WITHOUT first going through the heart. You can think of these as “side trips” blood goes thru on the way back to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| the system of veins comprising the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries. It is responsible for directing blood from the region of the gastrointestinal tract between the esophagus and rectum and also includes venous drainage from the supplementary organs such as the spleen and pancreas. |
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Term
| the basic scheme of the hepatic portal system |
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Definition
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Term
| which portal system is the gallbladder part of? |
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Definition
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Term
| The main purpose of the gallbladder |
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Definition
| to store bile, that is produced by the liver and enters the gallbladder hepatic ducts . |
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Term
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Definition
| The bile, originally produced in the liver, enters the small intestines and emulsifies fats in partly digested food, thereby assisting their absorption. |
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Term
| depiction of enterohepatic circulation |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to bile salts? |
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Definition
| 90% of bile salts are reabsorbed in the jejunum and liliem and returned via the hepatic portal vein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collects blood from the lower extremities and delivers it to the kidneys. Renal just simply refers to the kidneys. |
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Term
| functions of the renal portal system |
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Definition
-Active secretion of uric acid by kidney tubule, a waste product of protein metabolism.
-Filters blood to remove metabolic wastes
-Regulates water and electrolyte balance |
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Term
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Definition
| enters the small intestines and emulsifies fats in partly digested food, thereby assisting their absorption |
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Term
| where bile is synthesized |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| 90% of bile salts are reabsorbed in the jejunum and liliem and returned via the hepatic portal vein |
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Term
| what is it called when bile salts are reabsorbed in the jejunum and liliem and returned via the hepatic portal vein? |
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Definition
| Enterohepatic Circulation |
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Term
| the function of the kidney |
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Definition
-Active secretion of uric acid by kidney tubule, a waste product of protein metabolism.
-Filters blood to remove metabolic wastes
-Regulates water and electrolyte balance |
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Term
| the difference between urea and uric acid |
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Definition
| they’re both waste products of metabolizing protein, but the production of uric acid wastes less water than the production of urea |
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Term
| What selective pressure pushed for the bird to adopt the more energetically costly uric acid pathway? |
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Definition
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