Term
| true or false, the body can function with only the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the different parts of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
| what division of the nervous system is the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| it belongs to the efferent visceral motor portion of the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
| what components make up the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
| the sensory division composed of somatic and visceral sensory, and the motor division composed of somatic and visceral motor |
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Term
| what are the functions of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| regulate body temp, CV function, respiration, digestion, excretion, reproduction, water balance, electrolytes, nutrient levels in tissues, and gas concentrations in body fluids |
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Term
| what are the differences between autonomic and somatic motor systems? |
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Definition
somatic exert direct control of skeletal muscle and their axons are heavily myelinated, impulse is rapid
autonomic system neurons have myelinated pre and unmyelinated post ganglionic portions, impulse is slow, and there is heavy divergence in the ANS, |
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Term
| what are the four routes an impulse can take through the ANS? |
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Definition
| from the PNS to the sympathetic chain and then up, down, through, or synapse in the chain |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
| active when body is at rest, concerned with conserving body energy, rest and repose responses |
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Term
| where do the parasympathetic neurons originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the characteristics of the sympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
| it is activated during excitement and vigorous exercise, fight or flight responses |
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Term
| where do the sympathetic neurons originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some anatomical differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? |
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Definition
sympathetic system has short pre and long post ganglionic fibers, and has heavy divergence
parasympathetic system has long pre and short post ganglionic fibers, the fibers are more localized and discrete |
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Term
| what are the biochemical differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? |
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Definition
the sympathetic pre ganglionic fibers release acetycholine and its post ganglionic fibers release norepinephrine
the parasympathetic nervous system pre and post ganglionic fibers release acetylcholine |
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Term
| which branch of the autonomic nervous system is considered to be more complex and why? |
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Definition
| the sympathetic because it innervates more organs |
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Term
| what are the two types of ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
| sympathetic trunk ganglia and prevertebral ganglia |
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Term
| what attaches the sympathetic trunk ganglia to the spinal nerves and what are they attached to? |
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Definition
| white and gray rami attach trunk to ventral rami |
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Term
| how many sympathetic trunk ganglia per spinal nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the prevertebral ganglia? |
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Definition
| they are unpaired sympathetic nerves that do not synapse in the sympathetic chain, instead they go directly to the target organs following blood vessels |
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Term
| describe the path of sympathetic nerves. |
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Definition
| from the spinal chord they run through the ventral root into the spinal nerve, then they enter the sympathetic chain via the white ramus, there they either pass through or synapse in the chain, and exit out the gray ramus and on to target organ |
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Term
| what are the sympathetic affects on the skin, head, thoracic organs, abdominal viscera, pelvic organs, and adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
skin - vasoconstriction and sweating
head - dry mouth, pupil dilation, wide eyed
thorax - increase HR, dilate coronary arteries, dilate lungs, inhibit swallowing
abdo - inhibit digestion
pelvis - inhibit excretion, promote ejaculation
adrenals - excretion of norepi and epinephrine |
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Term
| describe path of nerves to adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
| sympathetic nerves run from spinal chord, through white ramus and sympathetic chain and all the way to target organ (no synapse) |
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Term
| what outflow innervates the organs of the head, neck, thorax, and most of abdomen for the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system are contained within which cranial nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| what outflow innervates the organs of the pelvis and lower abdomen for the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| which nerve is responsible for innervating most of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
| vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10) |
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Term
| where are post ganglionic neurons located in the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false, post ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system located in the same ganglion influence the same target organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| which division of the autonomic nervous system has more specificity? |
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Definition
| the parasympathetic division |
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Term
| what are some characteristics of visceral sensory neurons? |
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Definition
they monitor stretch, temp, chemical changes, and irritation
sensations are difficult to localize
cuts and scrapes are not felt whereas bloating is |
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Term
| what is referred pain and what causes it? |
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Definition
pain perceived as originating from the skin or outer body
may be due to reflexive vasoconstriction in vessels supplying corresponding somatic segments |
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Term
| true or false, reflex arcs of the visceral ANS are always monosynaptic? |
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Definition
| false, they are always polysynaptic |
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Term
| what are the components of the visceral reflex arc? |
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Definition
| visceral sensory fiber and pre and post ganglionic axons |
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Term
| what levels of control exist between the CNS and ANS? |
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Definition
| the level of the brain stem and spinal cord, the hypothalamus and amygdala, and the cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| define hyperhydrosis and how is it treated? |
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Definition
sweaty palms caused by overactive sympathetic nervous system
with a bilateral endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy between T3-4. |
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Term
| define megacolon (hirschsprung's disease). |
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Definition
| birth defect in which parasympathetic innervation of the distal end of the colon fails to develop due to neural crest cells failing to migrate, feces and gas buildup proximal to affected bowel, can be corrected surgically |
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Term
| define reynaud's disease. |
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Definition
| overactive sympathetic response in the extremities which causes vasoconstriction and white fingers and toes |
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Term
| what causes hypertension? |
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Definition
| overactive sympathetic vasoconstriction from continual stress |
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Term
| define achalasia and how is it treated? |
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Definition
it is a failure of the esophagus to relax (lower esophageal sphincter) preventing food from entering stomach
incision through sphincter muscle or dilation with a balloon |
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